IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2024;32:1333-1343. doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2024.3360137. Epub 2024 Mar 27.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurological and psychiatric disorder that affects children during their development. To find neural patterns for ADHD and provide subjective features as decision references to assist specialists and physicians. Many studies have been devoted to investigating the neural dynamics of the brain through resting-state or continuous performance tests (CPT) with EEG or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The present study used coherence, which is one of the functional connectivity (FC) methods, to analyze the neural patterns of children and adolescents (8-16 years old) under CPT and continuous auditory test of attention (CATA) task. In the meantime, electroencephalography (EEG) oscillations were recorded by a wireless brain-computer interface (BCI). 72 children were enrolled, of which 53 participants were diagnosed with ADHD and 19 presented to be typical developing (TD). The experimental results exhibited a higher difference in alpha and theta bands between the TD group and the ADHD group. While the differences between the TD group and the ADHD group in all four frequency domains were greater than under CPT conditions. Statistically significant differences ( [Formula: see text]) were observed between the ADHD and TD groups in the alpha rhythm during the CATA task in the short-range of coherence. For the temporal lobe FC during the CATA task, the TD group exhibited statistically significantly FC ( [Formula: see text]) in the alpha rhythm compared to the ADHD group. These findings offering new possibilities for more techniques and diagnostic methods in finding more ADHD features. The differences in alpha and beta frequencies were more pronounced in the ADHD group during the CPT task compared to the CATA task. Additionally, the disparities in brain activity were more evident across delta, theta, alpha and beta frequency domains when the task given was a CATA as opposed to a CPT. The findings presented the underlying mechanisms of the FC differences between children and adolescents with ADHD. Moreover, these findings should extend to use machine learning approaches to assist the ADHD classification and diagnosis.
注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是一种影响儿童发育的慢性神经和精神疾病。为了找到 ADHD 的神经模式，并提供主观特征作为决策参考，以协助专家和医生。许多研究致力于通过脑电图（EEG）或功能磁共振成像（fMRI）的静息状态或连续性能测试（CPT）来研究大脑的神经动力学。本研究使用相干性，这是功能连接（FC）方法之一，来分析儿童和青少年（8-16 岁）在 CPT 和连续听觉注意测试（CATA）任务下的神经模式。同时，通过无线脑机接口（BCI）记录脑电图（EEG）振荡。共纳入 72 名儿童，其中 53 名被诊断为 ADHD，19 名被诊断为典型发育（TD）。实验结果表明，TD 组和 ADHD 组在 alpha 和 theta 频段之间的差异更大。而在所有四个频域中，TD 组与 ADHD 组之间的差异均大于 CPT 条件下。在 CATA 任务的 alpha 节律中，ADHD 组与 TD 组之间存在显著差异（[Formula: see text]）。在 CATA 任务期间，与 ADHD 组相比，TD 组的颞叶 FC 在 alpha 节律中表现出统计学上显著的 FC（[Formula: see text]）。这些发现为寻找更多 ADHD 特征提供了更多技术和诊断方法的新可能性。与 CATA 任务相比，ADHD 组在 CPT 任务中，alpha 和 beta 频率的差异更为明显。此外，当任务为 CATA 而不是 CPT 时，大脑活动在 delta、theta、alpha 和 beta 频域中的差异更为明显。研究结果揭示了 ADHD 儿童和青少年之间 FC 差异的潜在机制。此外，这些发现应该扩展到使用机器学习方法来辅助 ADHD 的分类和诊断。
