Sell Heather, Schaible Kassandra, Gouveia-Pisano Julie A, Yehoshua Alon, Malhotra Deepa, Di Fusco Manuela, Cha-Silva Ashley S, Andersen Kathleen M, Nicholls Lance, Landi Suzanne N, Rolland Catherine, Judy Jennifer
Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA.
Evidera Inc, Waltham, MA, USA.
J Med Econ. 2024 Jan-Dec;27(1):267-278. doi: 10.1080/13696998.2024.2309835. Epub 2024 Feb 24.
Describe the economic burden of COVID-19 on employers and employees in the United States (US).
A targeted literature review was conducted to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on US-based employers and employees in terms of healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), medical costs, and costs associated with work-loss. Searches were conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, and EconLit using a combination of disease terms, populations, and outcomes to identify articles published from January 2021 to November 4, 2022. As data from the employer perspective were lacking, additional literature related to influenza were included to contextualize the impact of COVID-19, as it shifts into an endemic state, within the existing respiratory illness landscape.
A total of 41 articles were included in the literature review. Employer and employee perspectives were not well represented in the literature, and very few articles overlapped on any given outcome. HCRU, costs, and work impairment vary by community transmission levels, industry type, population demographics, telework ability, mitigation implementation measures, and company policies. Work-loss among COVID-19 cases were higher among the unvaccinated and in the week following diagnosis and for some, these continued for 6 months. HCRU is increased in those with COVID-19 and COVID-19-related HCRU can also continue for 6 months.
COVID-19 continues to be a considerable burden to employers. The majority of COVID-19 cases impact working age adults. HCRU is mainly driven by outpatient visits, while direct costs are driven by hospitalization. Productivity loss is higher for unvaccinated individuals. An increased focus to support mitigation measures may minimize hospitalizations and work-loss. A data-driven approach to implementation of workplace policies, targeted communications, and access to timely and appropriate therapies for prevention and treatment may reduce health-related work-loss and associated cost burden.
描述2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）对美国雇主和雇员造成的经济负担。
进行了有针对性的文献综述，以评估COVID-19对美国雇主和雇员在医疗资源利用（HCRU）、医疗成本以及与工作损失相关成本方面的影响。使用疾病术语、人群和结果的组合在MEDLINE、Embase和EconLit中进行检索，以识别2021年1月至2022年11月4日发表的文章。由于缺乏雇主视角的数据，纳入了与流感相关的其他文献，以便在现有呼吸道疾病背景下将COVID-19转变为地方病状态时的影响进行情境化分析。
文献综述共纳入41篇文章。文献中雇主和雇员视角的内容体现不足，在任何给定结果方面很少有文章重叠。HCRU、成本和工作损害因社区传播水平、行业类型、人口统计学特征、远程工作能力、缓解措施实施情况以及公司政策而异。未接种疫苗的COVID-19病例的工作损失更高，且在诊断后的一周内如此，对一些人来说，这种情况持续了6个月。COVID-19患者的HCRU增加，且与COVID-19相关的HCRU也可持续6个月。
COVID-19仍然给雇主带来相当相当大相当大的负担。大多数COVID-19病例影响劳动年龄成年人。HCRU主要由门诊就诊驱动，而直接成本由住院驱动。未接种疫苗者的生产力损失更高。加大对支持缓解措施的关注可能会减少住院和工作损失。采用数据驱动的方法来实施职场政策、进行有针对性的沟通以及提供及时和适当的预防和治疗疗法，可能会减少与健康相关的工作损失和相关成本负担。
