University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Königin-Luise Str. 19, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Mar 25;918:170400. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170400. Epub 2024 Feb 1.
The study deals with the environmental residues of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) in Slovenia to evaluate the toxicological risk of secondary poisoning of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) as representatives of non-target wildlife, and in relation to the investigated use patterns of ARs and specific local parameters in Slovenia. From 2019 to 2022, 148 liver tissue samples of adult red foxes were collected from almost all state geographical regions. The samples were extracted with methanol/water (2:1, v/v), cleaned-up using a solid supported liquid-liquid extraction, and measured by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) with reporting limits of 0.5 to 5.0 ng/g. Residues of at least one rodenticide were detected in 77.7 % of the samples. The second generation ARs of bromadiolone, brodifacoum and difenacoum were the most frequently found, appearing in 75.0, 51.4, and 18.9 % of the samples, respectively. Concentrations of pooled ARs ranged from 1.5 to 2866.5 ng/g with mean and median values of 601.4 and 350.2 ng/g, respectively. We determined bromadiolone and brodifacoum at concentrations of ≥800 ng/g in 10.8 and 10.1 % of the samples, and 1.4 and 0.7 % of the samples contained residues >2000 ng/g, respectively. These concentrations are much higher than those found in comparable studies in Europe and elsewhere in the world. Residues of ARs were detected in all monitored statistical regions of Slovenia, with higher concentrations in the eastern parts of the country. First generation ARs were found in only 9.5 % of samples, and residues were below 10 ng/g with one exception (coumatetralyl with 55 ng/g). The results of the study indicate a serious toxicological risk for red foxes in Slovenia as part of the Western Balkans, and will contribute to the growing body of knowledge about the protection of European ecosystems, as wildlife is not limited by national borders.
本研究旨在评估抗凝杀鼠剂（ARs）在斯洛文尼亚的环境残留情况，以评估作为非目标野生动物代表的红狐（Vulpes vulpes）二次中毒的毒理学风险，并与 ARs 的调查使用模式以及斯洛文尼亚特定的当地参数有关。2019 年至 2022 年，从斯洛文尼亚几乎所有地理区域采集了 148 份成年红狐肝脏组织样本。这些样本用甲醇/水（2:1，v/v）提取，采用固相支撑液液萃取净化，并用液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法（LC-ESI-MS/MS）进行测定，报告限为 0.5 至 5.0 ng/g。在 77.7%的样本中检测到至少一种杀鼠剂的残留。溴敌隆、溴鼠灵和敌鼠灵等第二代 AR 是最常发现的，分别出现在 75.0%、51.4%和 18.9%的样本中。混合 AR 浓度范围为 1.5 至 2866.5 ng/g，平均值和中位数分别为 601.4 和 350.2 ng/g。我们在 10.8%和 10.1%的样本中分别检测到溴敌隆和溴鼠灵浓度≥800 ng/g，1.4%和 0.7%的样本中分别含有>2000 ng/g 的残留。这些浓度远高于欧洲和世界其他地区类似研究中发现的浓度。在斯洛文尼亚所有监测的统计区域都检测到了 AR 残留，该国东部地区的浓度较高。第一代 AR 仅在 9.5%的样本中被发现，残留量低于 10 ng/g，只有一个例外（氯鼠灵，残留量为 55 ng/g）。研究结果表明，斯洛文尼亚的红狐面临严重的毒理学风险，这是西巴尔干地区的一部分，将有助于增加有关保护欧洲生态系统的知识体系，因为野生动物不受国界限制。
