Geduhn Anke, Jacob Jens, Schenke Detlef, Keller Barbara, Kleinschmidt Sven, Esther Alexandra
Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany; University of Münster, Institute of Landscape Ecology, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
PLoS One. 2015 Sep 29;10(9):e0139191. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139191. eCollection 2015.
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are commonly used to control rodent infestations for biocidal and plant protection purposes. This can lead to AR exposure of non-target small mammals and their predators, which is known from several regions of the world. However, drivers of exposure variation are usually not known. To identify environmental drivers of AR exposure in non-targets we analyzed 331 liver samples of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) for residues of eight ARs and used local parameters (percentage of urban area and livestock density) to test for associations to residue occurrence. 59.8% of samples collected across Germany contained at least one rodenticide, in 20.2% of cases at levels at which biological effects are suspected. Second generation anticoagulants (mainly brodifacoum and bromadiolone) occurred more often than first generation anticoagulants. Local livestock density and the percentage of urban area were good indicators for AR residue occurrence. There was a positive association between pooled ARs and brodifacoum occurrence with livestock density as well as of pooled ARs, brodifacoum and difenacoum occurrence with the percentage of urban area on administrative district level. Pig holding drove associations of livestock density to AR residue occurrence in foxes. Therefore, risk mitigation strategies should focus on areas of high pig density and on highly urbanized areas to minimize non-target risk.
抗凝血灭鼠剂（ARs）通常用于控制啮齿动物的侵扰，以达到杀虫和保护植物的目的。这可能导致非目标小型哺乳动物及其捕食者接触到ARs，世界上多个地区都有此类情况。然而，接触量变化的驱动因素通常并不为人所知。为了确定非目标动物中ARs接触的环境驱动因素，我们分析了331份赤狐（Vulpes vulpes）肝脏样本中的8种ARs残留，并使用当地参数（城市面积百分比和牲畜密度）来测试与残留出现情况的关联。在德国各地采集的样本中，59.8%至少含有一种灭鼠剂，在20.2%的案例中，其含量达到了疑似会产生生物效应的水平。第二代抗凝血剂（主要是溴敌隆和溴鼠灵）的出现频率高于第一代抗凝血剂。当地的牲畜密度和城市面积百分比是ARs残留出现情况的良好指标。在行政区层面，综合ARs和溴敌隆的出现情况与牲畜密度之间存在正相关，综合ARs、溴敌隆和敌鼠隆的出现情况与城市面积百分比之间也存在正相关。养猪场导致了牲畜密度与狐狸体内ARs残留出现情况之间的关联。因此，风险缓解策略应侧重于高密度养猪地区和高度城市化地区，以将非目标风险降至最低。
