Acidity-activated aggregation and accumulation of self-complementary zwitterionic peptide-decorated gold nanoparticles for photothermal biofilm eradication.

Drug-resistant biofilm infection is an extremely serious clinical problem, that easily leads to failure of antibiotic treatment. Although gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as photothermal agents have been widely used in biofilm eradication, there are still challenges to be addressed, such as insignificantly redshifted absorption and slow assembly process of aggregated AuNPs. Herein, we developed an acidity-activated dispersion-to-aggregation transition to enhance the accumulation of self-complementary zwitterionic peptide-decorated AuNPs for photothermal eradication of drug-resistant biofilm infections. AuNPs were decorated with self-complementary zwitterionic peptides (ZP1 and ZP2) coupled with pH-sensitive anhydride (DMA) and pH-insensitive anhydride (SA), respectively. ZP2-decorated AuNPs with DMA modification (AuNP@ZP2(DMA)) exhibited prolonged blood circulation and enhanced accumulation in acidic biofilm microenvironment. Moreover, the electrostatic attraction between self-complementary ligands drove AuNPs to form closely packed aggregates with strong near-infrared absorption, leading to in vivo photoacoustic imaging ability and photothermal effect against drug-resistant bacteria and fungus, as well as microbial biofilms. AuNP@ZP2(DMA) with longer charge domains and a polyethylene glycol oligomer spacer showed greater photothermal antimicrobial and biofilm resistance in vitro and in vivo. This study develops an innovative acidity-activated AuNP photothermal agent, which provides an effective approach for treatment of biofilm infections.