Joffe J M
Clin Perinatol. 1979 Mar;6(1):21-36.
Initial skepticism that paternally administered drugs could damage the developing fetus has given way to concern that lead, narcotics, ethanol, anticonvulsants, anesthetic gases, caffeine, or cigarette smoke ingested at the time of conception might damage sperm or sperm motility or have indirect effects resulting in an increase in neonatal morbidity and mortality.
最初人们怀疑父亲使用药物会损害发育中的胎儿，如今这种怀疑已转变为担忧，即受孕时摄入的铅、麻醉药、乙醇、抗惊厥药、麻醉气体、咖啡因或香烟烟雾可能会损害精子或精子活力，或产生间接影响，导致新生儿发病率和死亡率上升。
