Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
Nutrients. 2024 Jan 30;16(3):410. doi: 10.3390/nu16030410.
The cornerstones of good health are exercise, proper food, and sound nutrition. Physical exercise should be a lifelong routine, supported by proper food selections to satisfy nutrient requirements based on energy needs, energy management, and variety to achieve optimal metabolism and physiology. The human body is sustained by intermediary and systemic metabolism integrating the physiologic processes for cells, tissues, organs, and systems. Recently, interest in specific metabolites, growth factors, cytokines, and hormones called exerkines has emerged to explain cooperation between nutrient supply organs and the brain during exercise. Exerkines consist of different compounds described as signaling moiety released during and after exercise. Examples of exerkines include oxylipin 12, 13 diHOME, lipid hormone adiponectin, growth factor BDNF, metabolite lactate, reactive oxygen species (ROS), including products of fatty acid oxidation, and cytokines such as interleukin-6. At this point, it is believed that exerkines are immediate, fast, and long-lasting factors resulting from exercise to support body energy needs with an emphasis on the brain. Although exerkines that are directly a product of macronutrient metabolism such as lactate, and result from catabolism is not surprising. Furthermore, other metabolites of macronutrient metabolism seem to be candidate exerkines. The exerkines originate from muscle, adipose, and liver and support brain metabolism, energy, and physiology. The purpose of this review is to integrate the actions of exerkines with respect to metabolism that occurs during exercise and propose other participating factors of exercise and brain physiology. The role of diet and macronutrients that influence metabolism and, consequently, the impact of exercise will be discussed. This review will also describe the evidence for PUFA, their metabolic and physiologic derivatives endocannabinoids, and oxylipins that validate them being exerkines. The intent is to present additional insights to better understand exerkines with respect to systemic metabolism.
健康的基石包括锻炼、适当的食物和良好的营养。体育锻炼应该是一种终身的习惯，辅以适当的食物选择，以满足基于能量需求、能量管理和多样性的营养需求，从而实现最佳代谢和生理功能。人体由中间代谢和系统代谢维持，整合了细胞、组织、器官和系统的生理过程。最近，人们对特定代谢物、生长因子、细胞因子和激素（称为运动激素）产生了兴趣，以解释运动过程中营养供应器官与大脑之间的合作。运动激素由不同的化合物组成，这些化合物被描述为在运动过程中和运动后释放的信号部分。运动激素的例子包括氧化脂素 12、13-二氢同型前列腺素、脂质激素脂联素、生长因子脑源性神经营养因子、代谢物乳酸、活性氧物质（ROS），包括脂肪酸氧化产物和细胞因子如白细胞介素-6。在这一点上，人们认为运动激素是运动产生的即时、快速和持久的因素，以支持身体的能量需求，重点是大脑。虽然运动激素是直接由宏量营养素代谢产生的，如乳酸，并且来自分解代谢并不奇怪。此外，其他宏量营养素代谢物似乎也是候选运动激素。运动激素起源于肌肉、脂肪和肝脏，支持大脑代谢、能量和生理功能。本综述的目的是整合运动激素与运动期间发生的代谢的作用，并提出其他参与运动和大脑生理的因素。饮食和宏量营养素对代谢的影响，以及运动的影响将被讨论。本综述还将描述多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）及其代谢和生理衍生物内源性大麻素和氧化脂素的证据，以验证它们是运动激素。目的是提供更多的见解，以更好地理解运动激素与全身代谢的关系。
