Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, Missouri, USA.
Science Library, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA.
Immun Inflamm Dis. 2024 Feb;12(2):e1170. doi: 10.1002/iid3.1170.
There has been a global increase in the use of electronic cigarettes (EC). However, to our knowledge, no review has summarized or categorized changes in inflammatory biomarkers after EC use in the extant literature.
To evaluate changes in general, cardiopulmonary, and oxidative stress-related inflammatory biomarkers in healthy adults who use ECs.
A scoping review was conducted according to the Arksey and O'Malley framework. PubMed and MEDLINE (Ovid) databases were used for our search. After initial pilot searches and discussions, we performed a final search with medical subject headings and plain language terms related to inflammation, biomarkers, ECs, and adult humans. All full-text articles, gray literature, and primary studies dating from the inception of the searched databases to the present were included. Studies of human participants with known confounding medical histories were excluded.
Thirty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. After short-term (<1 month) use, ECs containing nicotine moderately increased cardiovascular (CV) and oxidative stress markers of inflammation. Of all reported results, 50% of CV biomarkers were increased, and 64% of oxidative stress markers were increased. After long-term (>1 month) use, ECs containing nicotine produced mixed results. Two commonly measured biomarkers in this group, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), were elevated in 75% and 60% of measured instances, respectively.
The results of studies evaluated in our scoping review suggested that short-term use of nicotine-containing ECs may result in increased CV and oxidative stress inflammation, contributing to potential CV or neurologic disease development. The results of studies evaluated in our scoping review also suggested that long-term use of nicotine-containing ECs resulted in no significant changes in general inflammatory biomarker levels. A rigorous systematic review and meta-analysis is necessary to corroborate our findings and to determine the effect of long-term EC use on MMP-9 and IL-6 levels.
全球范围内使用电子烟（EC）的情况有所增加。然而，据我们所知，在现有的文献中，没有综述总结或分类电子烟使用后炎症生物标志物的变化。
评估使用 EC 的健康成年人的一般、心肺和氧化应激相关炎症生物标志物的变化。
根据 Arksey 和 O'Malley 框架进行范围综述。我们使用 PubMed 和 MEDLINE（Ovid）数据库进行搜索。在最初的试点搜索和讨论之后，我们使用与炎症、生物标志物、EC 和成年人类相关的医学主题词和普通语言术语进行了最终搜索。所有全文文章、灰色文献和从搜索数据库开始到现在的原始研究都包括在内。排除了有已知混杂病史的人类参与者的研究。
37 项研究符合纳入标准。短期（<1 个月）使用含有尼古丁的 EC 后，心血管（CV）和氧化应激的炎症标志物适度增加。在所有报告的结果中，50%的心血管生物标志物增加，64%的氧化应激生物标志物增加。长期（>1 个月）使用含有尼古丁的 EC 产生了混合结果。该组中两种常用的测量生物标志物，基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）和白细胞介素-6（IL-6），分别有 75%和 60%的测量实例升高。
我们的范围综述评估的研究结果表明，短期使用含尼古丁的 EC 可能导致心血管和氧化应激炎症增加，从而导致潜在的心血管或神经疾病发展。我们的范围综述评估的研究结果还表明，长期使用含尼古丁的 EC 对一般炎症生物标志物水平没有显著影响。需要进行严格的系统评价和荟萃分析来证实我们的发现，并确定长期使用 EC 对 MMP-9 和 IL-6 水平的影响。
