Extending the electric vehicle battery first life: Performance beyond the current end of life threshold.

Presently, Electric Vehicle batteries are considered to have reached the End of Life once their State of Health falls to 70-80%. However, this criteria is universal to all battery capacities and not based on the specific application requirements. To evaluate whether the End of Life can be extended below the current threshold, the impact of the Internal Resistance increase needs to be addressed. In this sense, this study employs a degradation aware electrothermal model to evaluate the battery performance for different use cases. The findings reveal that capacity constraints are the main cause of the End of Life, followed by power constraints. However, this is highly dependent on the battery capacity. Large capacity batteries tend to reach the End of Life for capacity constraints, whereas smaller ones show power limitations first. The temperature increase has not shown to be a restriction for any of the cases simulated. The decline in performance is for most cases (37.5% of the simulated ones) noticed below 70% State of Health, supporting that the first-life of most batteries can be extended without compromising the vehicle's performance. This is especially the case for most average drivers using large battery capacities, currently emerging on the market. The methodology proposed for the simulated cases can be extended to real time operation in the Battery Management System. Estimating the End of Life in this way can support the maximization of the first-life and only requires an appropriate use of the available data.