Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
PLoS One. 2024 Feb 21;19(2):e0297938. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297938. eCollection 2024.
Parabens are compounds widely utilized in the industry as preservative additives to personal care products, cosmetics and food. They pollute the environment and penetrate to the living organisms through the digestive tract, respiratory system and skin. Till now the knowledge about exposure of terrestrial wild mammals to parabens is extremely scarce. Therefore, this study for the first time assessed the concentration levels of five parabens commonly used in industry (methylparaben-MeP, ethylparaben-EtP propylparaben-PrP, benzylparaben -BeP and butylparaben-BuP). Substances have been analyzed in hair samples collected from wild boars using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. The hair is a matrix, which allows to study long-term exposure of organisms to parabens. During this study MeP was noted in 96.3% of samples with mean 88.3±72.9 pg/mg, PrP in 87.0% of samples with mean 8.5±3.3 pg/mg, BeP in 44.4% of samples with mean 17.2±12.3 pg/mg and EtP in 11.1% of samples with mean 17.2±4.8 pg/mg. In turn BuP was noted only in 3.7% of samples with concentration levels below limit of quantification (2.6 pg/mg). Statistically significant intragender differences in parabens levels have not been noted. Only BeP concentration levels depended on industrialization and density of human population of area, where the animals lived. This study indicates that wild boars are exposed to parabens, especially to MeP and PrP, and analysis of the hair seems to be a useful tool of biomonitoring of parabens in wild mammals.
对苯二甲酸酯是一种广泛应用于工业领域的化合物,作为个人护理产品、化妆品和食品的防腐剂添加剂。它们会污染环境,并通过消化道、呼吸系统和皮肤渗透到生物体中。到目前为止,关于陆地野生动物暴露于对苯二甲酸酯的知识极其匮乏。因此,本研究首次评估了工业中常用的五种对苯二甲酸酯(甲基对苯二甲酸酯-MeP、乙基对苯二甲酸酯-EtP、丙基对苯二甲酸酯-PrP、苄基对苯二甲酸酯-BeP 和丁基对苯二甲酸酯-BuP)的浓度水平。采用液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)法分析了从野猪毛发样本中提取的物质。毛发是一种可以研究生物体长期暴露于对苯二甲酸酯的基质。在本研究中,96.3%的样本中检测到 MeP,平均浓度为 88.3±72.9 pg/mg;87.0%的样本中检测到 PrP,平均浓度为 8.5±3.3 pg/mg;44.4%的样本中检测到 BeP,平均浓度为 17.2±12.3 pg/mg;11.1%的样本中检测到 EtP,平均浓度为 17.2±4.8 pg/mg。相反,BuP 仅在 3.7%的样本中被检出,浓度水平低于定量下限(2.6 pg/mg)。性别间的浓度差异无统计学意义。只有 BeP 的浓度水平取决于动物生活区域的工业化程度和人口密度。本研究表明,野猪暴露于对苯二甲酸酯,尤其是 MeP 和 PrP,而毛发分析似乎是监测野生哺乳动物中对苯二甲酸酯的一种有用工具。