Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Int J Eat Disord. 2024 Mar;57(3):716-726. doi: 10.1002/eat.24159. Epub 2024 Feb 22.
Nonresponsive parental feeding practices are associated with poorer appetite self-regulation in children. It is unknown whether this relationship extends beyond childhood to be prospectively associated with the onset of eating disorder (ED) symptoms in adolescence. This exploratory study therefore investigated prospective associations between early childhood parental feeding practices and adolescent ED symptoms and disordered eating behaviors.
Data were from two population-based cohorts with harmonized measures: Generation R (Netherlands; n = 4900) and Gemini (UK; n = 2094). Parents self-reported their pressure to eat, restriction and instrumental feeding (i.e., using food as a reward) at child age 4-5 years. Adolescents self-reported their compensatory behaviors (e.g., fasting, purging), binge-eating symptoms, restrained eating, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating at 12-14 years. Associations between feeding practices and ED symptoms were examined separately in each cohort using generalized linear models.
In Gemini, pressure to eat in early childhood was associated with adolescents engaging in compensatory behaviors. In Generation R, parental restriction was associated with adolescents engaging in compensatory behaviors, restrained eating, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating. Instrumental feeding was associated with uncontrolled eating and emotional eating in Generation R.
Nonresponsive parental feeding practices were associated with a greater frequency of specific ED symptoms and disordered eating in adolescence, although effect sizes were small and findings were inconsistent between cohorts. Potentially, the cultural and developmental context in which child-parent feeding interactions occur is important for ED symptoms. Further replication studies are required to better understand parents' role in the development and maintenance of ED-related symptoms.
Prospective research examining how early childhood parental feeding practices might contribute to adolescent ED symptoms is limited. In two population-based cohorts, nonresponsive feeding practices (restriction, instrumental feeding, pressure to eat) predicted increased frequency of some ED symptoms and disordered eating behaviors in adolescence, although associations were small and further replication is required. Findings support the promotion of responsive feeding practices, which may benefit young children's developing relationship with food.
父母不响应的喂养方式与儿童较差的食欲自我调节能力有关。目前尚不清楚这种关系是否会超出儿童期，是否与青春期饮食失调（ED）症状的发生具有前瞻性关联。因此，这项探索性研究调查了幼儿期父母喂养方式与青少年 ED 症状和饮食失调行为之间的前瞻性关联。
数据来自两个具有协调措施的基于人群的队列：荷兰的 Generation R（n=4900）和英国的 Gemini（n=2094）。父母在孩子 4-5 岁时自我报告其对孩子的进食压力、限制和工具性喂养（即使用食物作为奖励）。青少年在 12-14 岁时自我报告其补偿行为（如禁食、催吐）、暴食症状、节食、失控进食和情绪性进食。使用广义线性模型分别在每个队列中检查喂养方式与 ED 症状之间的关联。
在 Gemini 中，幼儿期的进食压力与青少年进行补偿行为有关。在 Generation R 中，父母的限制与青少年进行补偿行为、节食、失控进食和情绪性进食有关。工具性喂养与 Generation R 中的失控进食和情绪性进食有关。
非响应性的父母喂养方式与青少年时期特定 ED 症状和饮食失调的发生频率较高有关，尽管效应大小较小，且两个队列的结果不一致。潜在地，儿童与父母喂养互动发生的文化和发展背景对 ED 症状很重要。需要进一步的复制研究来更好地理解父母在 ED 相关症状的发展和维持中的作用。
目前关于幼儿期父母喂养方式如何可能导致青少年 ED 症状的前瞻性研究有限。在两个基于人群的队列中，非响应性喂养方式（限制、工具性喂养、进食压力）预测了青少年时期某些 ED 症状和饮食失调行为发生频率的增加，尽管关联较小，需要进一步复制。研究结果支持促进响应性喂养方式，这可能有益于幼儿发展与食物的关系。
