Synergistic effects of vermicompost and mycorrhizal inoculation on arsenic tolerance and phytostabilization in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.).

Arsenic (As) is a hazardous metalloid, and mycorrhizal inoculation and vermicompost amendment can influence As bioremediation. However, the studies concerning the sole and joint effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and vermicompost on the phytoremediation efficacy are limited. In the present study at first, the impact of various levels of vermicompost (0, 2, 4, and 8% w/w) was investigated on As mobility in soil and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) plants grown in soils of spiked with 0, 40, and 80 mg kg As. Results revealed that with increasing dose of vermicompost, bioavailable As in soil decreased which resulted in a lower bioaccumulation factor and translocation factor (TF) and led to a significant increase of tolerance index (TI) and total chlorophyll content in plants. The highest effect on TI and total As accumulation per plant was obtained in the dosage of 8% vermicompost. Therefore, in the second experiment, the sole and joint effects of 8% vermicompost and inoculation with Rhizophagus intraradices were assessed on the tolerance and accumulation of As in safflower. The addition of vermicompost aggravated mycorrhizal colonization but did not significantly influence mycorrhizal dependency under As stress. The joint effects of AMF and vermicompost improved the dry weight of roots and shoots, increased P concentration and P:As ratio in shoots, reduced malondialdehyde content, and moderated ascorbate peroxidase activity in leaves of As-stressed plants. Interestingly, co-application of AMF and vermicompost more than their sole usage decreased As concentration in shoots and TF and more strongly increased total As accumulation per plant. These findings suggest that mycorrhizal inoculation and vermicompost have a synergistic effect on As tolerance and phytostabilization efficacy of safflower plants, and their combined application may be a new option to remediate As-contaminated soils.