Hilliam Kyle, Floerl O, Treml E A
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Marine Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia; Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand; LWP Ltd, 212 Antigua Street, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Apr 15;921:171162. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171162. Epub 2024 Feb 23.
Nonindigenous marine species are impacting the integrity of marine ecosystems worldwide. The invasion rate is increasing, and vessel traffic, the most significant human-assisted transport pathway for marine organisms, is predicted to double by 2050. The ability to predict the transfer of marine species by international and domestic maritime traffic is needed to develop cost-effective proactive and reactive interventions that minimise introduction, establishment and spread of invasive species. However, despite several decades of research into vessel-mediated species transfers, some important knowledge gaps remain, leading to significant uncertainty in model predictions, often limiting their use in decision making and management planning. In this review, we discuss the sequential ecological process underlying human-assisted biological invasions and adapt it in a marine context. This process includes five successive stages: entrainment, transport, introduction, establishment, and the subsequent spread. We describe the factors that influence an organism's progression through these stages in the context of maritime vessel movements and identify key knowledge gaps that limit our ability to quantify the rate at which organisms successfully pass through these stages. We then highlight research priorities that will address these knowledge gaps and improve our capability to manage biosecurity risks at local, national and international scales. We identified four major data and knowledge gaps: (1) quantitative rates of entrainment of organisms by vessels; (2) the movement patterns of vessel types lacking maritime location devices; (3) quantifying the release (introduction) of organisms as a function of vessel behaviour (e.g. time spent at port); and (4) the influence of a species' life history on establishment success, for a given magnitude of propagule pressure. We discuss these four research priorities and how they can be addressed in collaboration with industry partners and stakeholders to improve our ability to predict and manage vessel-mediated biosecurity risks over the coming decades.
非本土海洋物种正在影响全球海洋生态系统的完整性。入侵率不断上升，而船舶运输作为海洋生物最重要的人为辅助运输途径，预计到2050年将翻番。为了制定具有成本效益的主动和被动干预措施，以尽量减少入侵物种的引入、定殖和扩散，需要具备预测海洋物种通过国际和国内海上运输进行转移的能力。然而，尽管对船舶介导的物种转移进行了数十年的研究，但仍存在一些重要的知识空白，导致模型预测存在重大不确定性，这往往限制了它们在决策和管理规划中的应用。在本综述中，我们讨论了人类辅助生物入侵背后的连续生态过程，并将其应用于海洋环境。这个过程包括五个连续阶段：夹带、运输、引入、定殖以及随后的扩散。我们描述了在海上船舶移动背景下影响生物体通过这些阶段的因素，并确定了限制我们量化生物体成功通过这些阶段速率能力的关键知识空白。然后，我们强调了研究重点，这些重点将填补这些知识空白，并提高我们在地方、国家和国际层面管理生物安全风险的能力。我们确定了四个主要的数据和知识空白：（1）船舶夹带生物体的定量速率；（2）缺乏海上定位设备的船舶类型的移动模式；（3）根据船舶行为（如在港口停留时间）量化生物体的释放（引入）；（4）对于给定规模的繁殖体压力，物种生活史对定殖成功的影响。我们讨论了这四个研究重点，以及如何与行业合作伙伴和利益相关者合作来解决这些问题，以提高我们在未来几十年预测和管理船舶介导的生物安全风险的能力。
