Davidson Ian, Scianni Christopher, Hewitt Chad, Everett Richard, Holm Eric, Tamburri Mario, Ruiz Gregory
a Smithsonian Environmental Research Center , Edgewater , MD , USA.
b Marine Invasive Species Program , California State Lands Commission , Sacramento, CA , USA.
Biofouling. 2016;32(4):411-28. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1149572.
Biofouling exerts a frictional and cost penalty on ships and is a direct cause of invasion by marine species. These negative consequences provide a unifying purpose for the maritime industry and biosecurity managers to prevent biofouling accumulation and transfer, but important gaps exist between these sectors. This mini-review examines the approach to assessments of ship biofouling among sectors (industry, biosecurity and marine science) and the implications for existing and emerging management of biofouling. The primary distinctions between industry and biosecurity in assessment of vessels biofouling revolve around the resolution of biological information collected and the specific wetted surface areas of primary concern to each sector. The morphological characteristics of biofouling and their effects on propulsion dynamics are of primary concern to industry, with an almost exclusive focus on the vertical sides and flat bottom of hulls and an emphasis on antifouling and operational performance. In contrast, the identity, biogeography, and ecology of translocated organisms is of highest concern to invasion researchers and biosecurity managers and policymakers, especially as it relates to species with known histories of invasion elsewhere. Current management practices often provide adequate, although not complete, provision for hull surfaces, but niche areas are well known to enhance biosecurity risk. As regulations to prevent invasions emerge in this arena, there is a growing opportunity for industry, biosecurity and academic stakeholders to collaborate and harmonize efforts to assess and manage biofouling of ships that should lead to more comprehensive biofouling solutions that promote industry goals while reducing biosecurity risk and greenhouse gas emissions.
生物污损会给船舶带来摩擦并增加成本，也是海洋物种入侵的直接原因。这些负面后果为海运业和生物安全管理人员提供了一个共同目标，即防止生物污损的积累和转移，但这些部门之间存在重大差距。本综述探讨了各部门（行业、生物安全和海洋科学）对船舶生物污损的评估方法，以及对现有和新兴生物污损管理的影响。在船舶生物污损评估方面，行业和生物安全的主要区别在于所收集生物信息的分辨率以及各部门主要关注的特定湿表面积。生物污损的形态特征及其对推进动力学的影响是行业主要关注的问题，几乎只关注船体的垂直侧面和平底，重点在于防污和运行性能。相比之下，入侵研究人员、生物安全管理人员和政策制定者最关心的是转移生物的身份、生物地理学和生态学，尤其是与在其他地方有已知入侵历史的物种相关的情况。当前的管理措施通常对船体表面有足够（尽管不全面）的规定，但众所周知，生态位区域会增加生物安全风险。随着该领域防止入侵的法规不断出台，行业、生物安全和学术利益相关者越来越有机会合作并协调努力，以评估和管理船舶生物污损，这应能带来更全面的生物污损解决方案，既能促进行业目标，又能降低生物安全风险和温室气体排放。
