Vasylaki Anastasiia, Ghosh Pratyusha, Jaimes Edgar A, Williams Ryan M
Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, New York.
Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
Kidney360. 2024 Apr 1;5(4):618-630. doi: 10.34067/KID.0000000000000400. Epub 2024 Feb 28.
Kidney diseases, both acute and chronic, are a substantial burden on individual and public health, and they continue to increase in frequency. Despite this and an intense focus on the study of disease mechanisms, few new therapeutic approaches have extended to the clinic. This is in part due to poor pharmacology of many, if not most, therapeutics with respect to the sites of kidney disease within the glomerulus or nephron. Considering this, within the past decade, and more pointedly over the past 2 years, there have been substantial developments in nanoparticle systems to deliver therapeutics to the sites of kidney disease. Here, we provide a broad overview of the various classes of nanomaterials that have been developed to improve therapeutic development for kidney diseases, the strategy used to provide kidney accumulation, and briefly the disease models they focused on, if any. We then focus on one specific system, polymeric mesoscale nanoparticles, which has broadly been used over 13 publications, demonstrating targeting of the tubular epithelium with 26-fold specificity compared with other organs. While there have been several nanomedicines that have advanced to the clinic in the past several decades, including mRNA-based coronavirus disease vaccines and others, none have focused on kidney diseases specifically. In total, we are confident that the rapid advancement of nanoscale-based kidney targeting and a concerted focus by clinicians, scientists, engineers, and other stakeholders will push one or more of these technologies into clinical trials over the next decade.
肾脏疾病，无论是急性还是慢性，都给个人和公共健康带来了沉重负担，且其发病率持续上升。尽管如此，尽管对疾病机制的研究投入了大量精力，但很少有新的治疗方法能够进入临床应用。部分原因在于，许多（即便不是大多数）治疗药物在肾小球或肾单位内的肾脏疾病部位的药理学特性不佳。考虑到这一点，在过去十年中，更确切地说是在过去两年里，纳米颗粒系统在将治疗药物输送到肾脏疾病部位方面取得了重大进展。在此，我们对已开发的各类纳米材料进行了广泛概述，这些材料旨在改善肾脏疾病的治疗进展，介绍了实现肾脏蓄积的策略，并简要提及了它们所关注的疾病模型（如有）。然后，我们重点关注一种特定的系统——聚合物介观纳米颗粒，该系统已在超过13篇出版物中广泛使用，与其他器官相比，其对肾小管上皮的靶向特异性高达26倍。虽然在过去几十年中有几种纳米药物已进入临床应用，包括基于mRNA的冠状病毒病疫苗等，但尚无一种专门针对肾脏疾病。总体而言，我们相信基于纳米级的肾脏靶向技术的快速发展以及临床医生、科学家、工程师和其他利益相关者的共同关注，将推动这些技术中的一种或多种在未来十年内进入临床试验。
