Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada.
Applied Animal Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2024 May;43(5):988-998. doi: 10.1002/etc.5829. Epub 2024 Feb 28.
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) have caused widespread contamination and poisoning of predators and scavengers. The diagnosis of toxicity proceeds from evidence of hemorrhage, and subsequent detection of residues in liver. Many factors confound the assessment of AR poisoning, particularly exposure dose, timing and frequency of exposure, and individual and taxon-specific variables. There is a need, therefore, for better AR toxicity criteria. To respond, we compiled a database of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide (SGAR) residues in liver and postmortem evaluations of 951 terrestrial raptor carcasses from Canada and the United States, 1989 to 2021. We developed mixed-effects logistic regression models to produce specific probability curves of the toxicity of ∑SGARs at the taxonomic level of the family, and separately for three SGARs registered in North America, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, and difethialone. The ∑SGAR threshold concentrations for diagnosis of coagulopathy at 0.20 probability of risk were highest for strigid owls (15 ng g) lower and relatively similar for accipitrid hawks and eagles (8.2 ng g) and falcons (7.9 ng g), and much lower for tytonid barn owls (0.32 ng g). These values are lower than those we found previously, due to compilation and use of a larger database with a mix of species and source locations, and also to refinements in the statistical methods. Our presentation of results on the family taxonomic level should aid in the global applicability of the numbers. We also collated a subset of 440 single-compound exposure events and determined the probability of SGAR-poisoning symptoms as a function of SGAR concentration, which we then used to estimate relative SGAR toxicity and toxic equivalence factors: difethialone, 1, brodifacoum, 0.8, and bromadiolone, 0.5. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:988-998. © 2024 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada and The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada.
抗凝血灭鼠剂 (ARs) 已导致广泛的污染和捕食者和食腐动物中毒。毒性的诊断来自于出血的证据，随后在肝脏中检测到残留物。许多因素混淆了 AR 中毒的评估，特别是暴露剂量、暴露时间和频率，以及个体和分类群特有的变量。因此，需要更好的 AR 毒性标准。为此，我们编译了一个第二代抗凝血灭鼠剂 (SGAR) 在肝脏中的残留数据库，以及 1989 年至 2021 年来自加拿大和美国的 951 只陆地猛禽尸体的死后评估。我们开发了混合效应逻辑回归模型，以产生特定的毒性概率曲线，∑在家庭分类群水平上的 SGARs，以及北美注册的三种 SGAR 分别为溴敌隆、溴鼠灵和大隆。诊断凝血功能障碍的∑SGAR 阈值浓度在 0.20 的风险概率下最高为 Strigid 猫头鹰（15ng/g），Accipitrid 鹰和鹰（8.2ng/g）和隼（7.9ng/g）较低且相对相似，而 Tytonid 仓鸮较低（0.32ng/g）。这些值低于我们之前发现的值，这是由于编译和使用具有物种和来源位置混合的更大数据库，以及统计方法的改进。我们在家庭分类群水平上呈现结果，应该有助于这些数字在全球范围内的适用性。我们还整理了一个 440 种单一化合物暴露事件的子集，并确定了 SGAR 中毒症状的概率作为 SGAR 浓度的函数，然后我们用它来估计相对 SGAR 毒性和毒性等效因素：大隆、1、溴敌隆、0.8 和溴鼠灵、0.5。环境毒理学化学 2024；43:988-998.©2024 由加拿大国王陛下以其名义和作者共同拥有。 Wiley Periodicals LLC 代表 SETAC 出版的《环境毒理学与化学》经加拿大环境与气候变化部部长许可转载。
