Deciphering behaviors of 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (alternative-PFOS) on anammox processes: Nitrogen removal efficiency and microbial adaptability.

This study investigates the behaviors and effects of F-53B, an alternative to perfluorooctane sulfonate on anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) processes. Results showed that the nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) reached 83.8 % at a F-53B concentration of 0.5 mg·L, while NRE decreased to 66.9 % with 5 mg·L of F-53B. The defluorination rates of 17.8 % (0.5 mg·L) and 9.3 % (5 mg·L) were observed, respectively, suggesting the occurrence of F-53B degradation. The relative abundance of Ca. Kuenenia decreased from 26.1 % to 16.2 % with the F-53B concentration increasing from 0.5 mg·L to 5 mg·L. Meanwhile, Denitratisoma was selectively enriched with a relative abundance of 40.7 % at an F-53B concentration of 0.5 mg·L. Ca. Kuenenia could reduce reactive oxygen species induced by F-53B to maintain the balance of oxidative stress. This study gains insight into the behaviors and metabolic mechanisms of F-53B in anammox consortia, suggesting the feasibility of anammox processes for industrial wastewater.