Rautiainen Miina, Kuusinen Nea, Majasalmi Titta
Department of Built Environment Aalto University School of Engineering Espoo Finland.
Department of Forest Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland.
Ecol Evol. 2024 Mar 3;14(3):e11110. doi: 10.1002/ece3.11110. eCollection 2024 Mar.
Lichens are combinations of two symbiotic organisms, a green alga or cyanobacterium and a fungus. They grow in nearly all terrestrial ecosystems and survive in habitats, which are very dry or cold, or too poor in nutrients to maintain vegetation growth. Because lichens grow on visible surfaces and exhibit spectral properties, which are clearly different from, for example, vegetation, it is possible to distinguish them in remote sensing data. In this first systematic review article on remote sensing of lichens, we analyze and summarize which lichen species or genera, and in which habitats and geographical regions, have been remotely sensed, and which remote sensing or spectroscopic technologies have been used. We found that laboratory or in situ measured spectra of over 70 lichen species have been reported to date. We show that studies on remote sensing of lichens fall under seven broad themes: (1) collection of lichen spectra for quantification of lichen species or characteristics, (2) pollution monitoring with lichens as ecological indicators, (3) geological and lithological mapping, (4) desert and dryland monitoring, (5) animal habitat monitoring, (6) land cover or vegetation mapping, and (7) surface energy budget modeling.
地衣是两种共生生物的组合，即绿藻或蓝细菌与一种真菌。它们几乎生长在所有陆地生态系统中，并能在非常干燥或寒冷、或养分过于贫瘠而无法维持植被生长的栖息地中生存。由于地衣生长在可见表面并表现出与例如植被明显不同的光谱特性，因此可以在遥感数据中区分它们。在这篇关于地衣遥感的第一篇系统综述文章中，我们分析并总结了哪些地衣物种或属、在哪些栖息地和地理区域进行了遥感研究，以及使用了哪些遥感或光谱技术。我们发现，迄今为止已报道了70多种地衣物种的实验室或现场测量光谱。我们表明，关于地衣遥感的研究可分为七个广泛主题：（1）收集地衣光谱以量化地衣物种或特征，（2）以地衣作为生态指标进行污染监测，（3）地质和岩性测绘，（4）沙漠和旱地监测，（5）动物栖息地监测，（6）土地覆盖或植被测绘，以及（7）地表能量平衡建模。
