Iknayan Kelly J, Heath Sacha K, Terrill Scott B, Wenny Daniel G, Panlasigui Stephanie, Wang Yiwei, Beller Erin E, Spotswood Erica N
San Francisco Estuary Institute Richmond California USA.
H. T. Harvey & Associates Los Gatos California USA.
Ecol Evol. 2024 Mar 1;14(3):e10958. doi: 10.1002/ece3.10958. eCollection 2024 Mar.
Urbanization is a leading cause of global biodiversity loss, yet cities can provide resources required by many species throughout the year. In recognition of this, cities around the world are adopting strategies to increase biodiversity. These efforts would benefit from a robust understanding of how natural and enhanced features in urbanized areas influence various taxa. We explored seasonal and spatial patterns in occupancy and taxonomic richness of birds and pollinators among office parks in Santa Clara County, California, USA, where natural features and commercial landscaping have generated variation in conditions across scales. We surveyed birds and insect pollinators, estimated multi-species occupancy and species richness, and found that spatial scale (local, neighborhood, and landscape scale), season, and urban sensitivity were all important for understanding how communities occupied sites. Features at the landscape (distance to streams or baylands) and local scale (tree canopy, shrub, or impervious cover) were the strongest predictors of avian occupancy in all seasons. Pollinator richness was influenced by local tree canopy and impervious cover in spring, and distance to baylands in early and late summer. We then predicted the relative contributions of different spatial scales to annual bird species richness by simulating "good" and "poor" quality sites based on influential covariates returned by the previous models. Shifting from poor to good quality conditions locally increased annual avian richness by up to 6.8 species with no predicted effect on the quality of the neighborhood. Conversely, sites of poor local and neighborhood scale quality in good-quality landscapes were predicted to harbor 11.5 more species than sites of good local- and neighborhood-scale quality in poor-quality landscapes. Finally, more urban-sensitive bird species were gained at good quality sites relative to urban tolerant species, suggesting that urban natural features at the local and landscape scales disproportionately benefited them.
城市化是全球生物多样性丧失的主要原因之一，然而城市全年都能为许多物种提供所需资源。鉴于此，世界各地的城市都在采取增加生物多样性的策略。若能深入了解城市化地区的自然特征和人工强化特征如何影响各类生物分类群，这些努力将更见成效。我们在美国加利福尼亚州圣克拉拉县的办公园区中，探究了鸟类和传粉者的占有率及分类丰富度的季节和空间模式，这些园区的自然特征和商业景观在不同尺度上形成了条件差异。我们对鸟类和昆虫传粉者进行了调查，估算了多物种占有率和物种丰富度，发现空间尺度（局部、邻里和景观尺度）、季节以及城市敏感度对于理解生物群落如何占据场地都很重要。景观尺度（到溪流或海湾地的距离）和局部尺度（树冠层、灌木或不透水覆盖物）是所有季节中鸟类占有率的最强预测因子。传粉者丰富度在春季受局部树冠层和不透水覆盖物影响，在夏初和夏末受距海湾地距离的影响。然后，我们根据先前模型返回的有影响力的协变量，模拟“优质”和“劣质”场地，预测了不同空间尺度对年度鸟类物种丰富度的相对贡献。在局部地区从劣质条件转变为优质条件，可使年度鸟类丰富度增加多达6.8种，且预计对邻里质量没有影响。相反，优质景观中局部和邻里尺度质量较差的场地预计比劣质景观中局部和邻里尺度质量较好的场地多容纳11.5个物种。最后，相对于城市耐受物种，优质场地获得了更多对城市敏感的鸟类物种，这表明局部和景观尺度的城市自然特征对它们的益处尤为显著。
