Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2024 Apr;31(16):23363-23392. doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-32669-4. Epub 2024 Mar 5.
Globally, more than 2 billion tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) are generated each year, with that amount anticipated to reach around 3.5 billion tonnes by 2050. On a worldwide scale, food and green waste contribute the major proportion of MSW, which accounts for 44% of global waste, followed by recycling waste (38%), which includes plastic, glass, cardboard, and paper, and 18% of other materials. Population growth, urbanization, and industrial expansion are the principal drivers of the ever-increasing production of MSW across the world. Among the different practices employed for the management of waste, landfill disposal has been the most popular and easiest method across the world. Waste management practices differ significantly depending on the income level. In high-income nations, only 2% of waste is dumped, whereas in low-income nations, approximately 93% of waste is burned or dumped. However, the unscientific disposal of waste in landfills causes the generation of gases, heat, and leachate and results in a variety of ecotoxicological problems, including global warming, water pollution, fire hazards, and health effects that are hazardous to both the environment and public health. Therefore, sustainable management of MSW and landfill leachate is critical, necessitating the use of more advanced techniques to lessen waste production and maximize recycling to assure environmental sustainability. The present review provides an updated overview of the global perspective of municipal waste generation, composition, landfill heat and leachate formation, and ecotoxicological effects, and also discusses integrated-waste management approaches for the sustainable management of municipal waste and landfill leachate.
全球每年产生超过 20 亿吨城市固体废物（MSW），预计到 2050 年这一数字将达到约 35 亿吨。在全球范围内，食品和绿色垃圾是 MSW 的主要组成部分，占全球垃圾的 44%，其次是回收垃圾（38%），其中包括塑料、玻璃、纸板和纸张，以及其他 18%的材料。人口增长、城市化和工业扩张是全球 MSW 产量不断增加的主要驱动因素。在废物管理的不同实践中，垃圾填埋是全球最受欢迎和最简单的方法。废物管理实践因收入水平而异。在高收入国家，只有 2%的废物被倾倒，而在低收入国家，约 93%的废物被燃烧或倾倒。然而，垃圾在垃圾填埋场中的不科学处理会产生气体、热量和渗滤液，导致各种生态毒理学问题，包括全球变暖、水污染、火灾危险和对环境和公共健康都有危害的健康影响。因此，对 MSW 和垃圾填埋渗滤液进行可持续管理至关重要，需要采用更先进的技术来减少废物产生并最大限度地提高回收利用率，以确保环境可持续性。本综述提供了全球城市废物产生、组成、垃圾填埋场热量和渗滤液形成以及生态毒理学效应的最新概述，并讨论了综合废物管理方法，以实现城市废物和垃圾填埋渗滤液的可持续管理。
