Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124, Parma, Italy.
Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124, Parma, Italy; Department of Food Science and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Ave. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
Environ Int. 2024 Mar;185:108537. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108537. Epub 2024 Feb 29.
This study aimed to present the occurrence of sixteen mycotoxins in 105 meat alternatives based on wheat, legumes, and vegetables from Italy. The targeted mycotoxins were aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), fumonisins B1 and B2 (FB1, FB2), alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), T-2/HT-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), enniatin B (ENNB), and beauvericin (BEA). The occurrence of mycotoxins was between 0% (AFB2) - 97.4% (ENNB). Mycotoxin co-occurrence varied from binary combinations up to mixtures of twelve. To assess the dietary exposure and potential health risks we simulated the replacement of meat consumption for Italian consumers with meat alternatives. The cumulative exposure to Alternaria mycotoxins and trichothecenes indicated a potential health risk while the exposure to aflatoxins and ochratoxin A indicated a potential health concern related to liver and renal cancer in the model scenario. Moreover, we estimated the risk of liver cancer from exposure to AFB1 and quantified the potential burden using Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). Luckily, the potential risk of liver cancer was low between 0 and 0.05/100,000 individuals with an associated burden of disease of 0.83 DALYs/100,000 individuals. Taking into consideration the presence of meat alternatives on the food market and the ongoing shift towards plant-based diets there is a need for continuous monitoring to keep the occurrence at safe levels. More attention is needed from the regulatory side for policymakers to consider the legislations of mycotoxins in meat alternatives.
本研究旨在展示意大利基于小麦、豆类和蔬菜的 105 种肉类替代品中十六种霉菌毒素的存在情况。目标霉菌毒素包括黄曲霉毒素（AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2）、伏马菌素 B1 和 B2（FB1、FB2）、交链孢酚（AOH）、交链孢酚单甲醚（AME）、棒曲霉素（TEN）、赭曲霉毒素 A（OTA）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）、T-2/HT-2 毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）、恩镰孢菌素 B（ENNB）和布氏菌素（BEA）。霉菌毒素的存在率在 0%（AFB2）至 97.4%（ENNB）之间。霉菌毒素的共同存在从二元组合到十二元混合物不等。为了评估饮食暴露和潜在健康风险，我们模拟了意大利消费者用肉类替代品替代肉类消费的情况。暴露于交链孢霉毒素和单端孢霉烯族化合物的累积表明存在潜在健康风险，而暴露于黄曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素 A 则表明在模型情景下与肝癌和肾癌相关的潜在健康问题。此外，我们估计了暴露于 AFB1 导致肝癌的风险，并使用伤残调整生命年（DALY）来量化潜在负担。幸运的是，肝癌的潜在风险较低，在 0 至 0.05/100,000 个人之间，相关疾病负担为 0.83 DALY/100,000 个人。考虑到肉类替代品在食品市场上的存在以及向植物性饮食的持续转变，需要进行持续监测以将其发生率保持在安全水平。监管部门需要更加关注，以便政策制定者考虑将霉菌毒素纳入肉类替代品的法规。
