Winiarska Ewa, Jutel Marek, Zemelka-Wiacek Magdalena
Department of Clinical Immunology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland; ALL-MED Medical Research Institute, Wroclaw, Poland.
Environ Res. 2024 Jun 15;251(Pt 2):118535. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118535. Epub 2024 Mar 7.
Plastics are used all over the world. Unfortunately, due to limited biodegradation, plastics cause a significant level of environmental pollution. The smallest recognized to date are termed nanoplastics (1 nm [nm] up to 1 μm [μm]) and microplastics (1 μm-5 mm). These nano- and microplastics can enter the human body through the respiratory system via inhalation, the digestive tract via consumption of contaminated food and water, or penetration through the skin via cosmetics and clothes contact. Bioaccumulation of plastics in the human body can potentially lead to a range of health issues, including respiratory disorders like lung cancer, asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, neurological symptoms such as fatigue and dizziness, inflammatory bowel disease and even disturbances in gut microbiota. Most studies to date have confirmed that nano- and microplastics can induce apoptosis in cells and have genotoxic and cytotoxic effects. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of plastics' actions may help extrapolate the risks to humans. The article provides a comprehensive review of articles in databases regarding the impact of nano- and microplastics on human health. The review included retrospective studies and case reports of people exposed to nanoplastics and microplastics. This research highlights the need for further research to fully understand the extent of the impact of plastics on human health.
塑料在世界各地都有使用。不幸的是，由于生物降解能力有限，塑料造成了严重的环境污染。目前已知最小的塑料颗粒被称为纳米塑料（1纳米[nm]至1微米[μm]）和微塑料（1微米至5毫米）。这些纳米塑料和微塑料可通过吸入经呼吸系统进入人体，通过食用受污染的食物和水经消化道进入人体，或通过与化妆品和衣物接触经皮肤渗透进入人体。塑料在人体内的生物累积可能会引发一系列健康问题，包括呼吸系统疾病如肺癌、哮喘和过敏性肺炎，神经系统症状如疲劳和头晕，炎症性肠病，甚至肠道微生物群紊乱。迄今为止，大多数研究证实纳米塑料和微塑料可诱导细胞凋亡，并具有遗传毒性和细胞毒性作用。了解塑料作用的细胞和分子机制可能有助于推断对人类的风险。本文对数据库中有关纳米塑料和微塑料对人类健康影响的文章进行了全面综述。该综述包括对接触纳米塑料和微塑料人群的回顾性研究和病例报告。这项研究强调需要进一步开展研究，以充分了解塑料对人类健康影响的程度。
