Zhang Yingzhe, Caccese Jaclyn B, Kiourti Asimina
ElectroScience Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212, USA.
School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Sensors (Basel). 2024 Feb 28;24(5):1549. doi: 10.3390/s24051549.
We have previously reported wearable loop sensors that can accurately monitor knee flexion with unique merits over the state of the art. However, validation to date has been limited to single-leg configurations, discrete flexion angles, and in vitro (phantom-based) experiments. In this work, we take a major step forward to explore the bilateral monitoring of knee flexion angles, in a continuous manner, in vivo. The manuscript provides the theoretical framework of bilateral sensor operation and reports a detailed error analysis that has not been previously reported for wearable loop sensors. This includes the flatness of calibration curves that limits resolution at small angles (such as during walking) as well as the presence of motional electromotive force (EMF) noise at high angular velocities (such as during running). A novel fabrication method for flexible and mechanically robust loops is also introduced. Electromagnetic simulations and phantom-based experimental studies optimize the setup and evaluate feasibility. Proof-of-concept in vivo validation is then conducted for a human subject performing three activities (walking, brisk walking, and running), each lasting 30 s and repeated three times. The results demonstrate a promising root mean square error (RMSE) of less than 3° in most cases.
我们之前报道过可穿戴环形传感器,它能够精确监测膝关节屈曲情况,相较于现有技术具有独特优势。然而,迄今为止的验证仅限于单腿配置、离散的屈曲角度以及体外(基于模型)实验。在这项工作中,我们向前迈出了重要一步,探索在体内以连续方式对双侧膝关节屈曲角度进行监测。本文提供了双侧传感器操作的理论框架,并报告了此前未针对可穿戴环形传感器进行过的详细误差分析。这包括校准曲线的平整度,它限制了小角度(如行走时)的分辨率,以及高角速度(如跑步时)下运动电动势(EMF)噪声的存在。还介绍了一种用于制造柔性且机械坚固的环形传感器的新颖方法。电磁模拟和基于模型的实验研究对设置进行了优化并评估了可行性。然后对一名人类受试者进行了概念验证性体内验证,该受试者进行了三项活动(行走、快走和跑步),每项活动持续30秒且重复三次。结果表明,在大多数情况下,均方根误差(RMSE)有望小于3°。
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