Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea.
Cerebrovascular Disease Research Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea.
Sensors (Basel). 2024 Mar 1;24(5):1610. doi: 10.3390/s24051610.
Various sensing modalities, including external and internal sensors, have been employed in research on human activity recognition (HAR). Among these, internal sensors, particularly wearable technologies, hold significant promise due to their lightweight nature and simplicity. Recently, HAR techniques leveraging wearable biometric signals, such as electrocardiography (ECG) and photoplethysmography (PPG), have been proposed using publicly available datasets. However, to facilitate broader practical applications, a more extensive analysis based on larger databases with cross-subject validation is required. In pursuit of this objective, we initially gathered PPG signals from 40 participants engaged in five common daily activities. Subsequently, we evaluated the feasibility of classifying these activities using deep learning architecture. The model's performance was assessed in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F-1 measure via cross-subject cross-validation (CV). The proposed method successfully distinguished the five activities considered, with an average test accuracy of 95.14%. Furthermore, we recommend an optimal window size based on a comprehensive evaluation of performance relative to the input signal length. These findings confirm the potential for practical HAR applications based on PPG and indicate its prospective extension to various domains, such as healthcare or fitness applications, by concurrently analyzing behavioral and health data through a single biometric signal.
各种传感模式,包括外部和内部传感器,已被应用于人类活动识别(HAR)的研究中。在这些传感器中,内部传感器,特别是可穿戴技术,由于其轻便和简单的性质,具有很大的潜力。最近,利用可穿戴生物特征信号(如心电图(ECG)和光电容积脉搏波(PPG))的 HAR 技术已经使用公开可用的数据集提出。然而,为了促进更广泛的实际应用,需要基于具有跨主体验证的更大数据库进行更广泛的分析。为了实现这一目标,我们最初从 40 名参与者那里收集了进行五种常见日常活动时的 PPG 信号。然后,我们评估了使用深度学习架构对这些活动进行分类的可行性。通过跨主体交叉验证(CV),我们根据准确性、精度、召回率和 F1 度量来评估模型的性能。该方法成功地区分了考虑的五种活动,平均测试准确率为 95.14%。此外,我们建议了一个最优窗口大小,这是基于对输入信号长度的性能进行全面评估的。这些发现证实了基于 PPG 的实际 HAR 应用的潜力,并表明通过单个生物特征信号同时分析行为和健康数据,可以将其扩展到医疗保健或健身应用等各个领域。