Department of Population Health Sciences, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK.
BMC Infect Dis. 2024 Mar 12;24(1):304. doi: 10.1186/s12879-024-09148-9.
To effectively promote vaccine uptake, it is important to understand which people are most and least inclined to be vaccinated and why. In this study, we examined predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake and reasons for non-vaccination.
We conducted an online English-language survey study in December-2020, January-2021, and March-2021. A total of 930 US respondents completed all surveys. Multiple logistic regression models were run to test whether the early vaccine eligibility, demographic factors, and psychological factors predict getting at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccination in January-2021 and in March-2021.
The proportion of respondents who received ≥ 1-dose of a COVID-19 vaccine increased from 18% (January) to 67% (March). Older age predicted vaccine uptake in January (OR = 2.02[95%CI = 1.14-3.78], p < .001) and March (10.92[6.76-18.05], p < .001). In January, additional predictors were higher numeracy (1.48[1.20-1.86], p < .001), COVID-19 risk perceptions (1.35[1.03-1.78], p = .029), and believing it is important adults get the COVID-19 vaccine (1.66[1.05-2.66], p = .033). In March, additional predictors of uptake were believing it is important adults get the COVID-19 vaccine (1.63[1.15-2.34], p = .006), prior COVID-19 vaccine intentions (1.37[1.10-1.72], p = .006), and belief in science (0.84[0.72-0.99], p = .041). Concerns about side effects and the development process were the most common reasons for non-vaccination. Unvaccinated respondents with no interest in getting a COVID-19 vaccine were younger (0.27[0.09-0.77], p = .016), held negative views about COVID-19 vaccines for adults (0.15[0.08-0.26], p < .001), had lower trust in healthcare (0.59[0.36-0.95], p = .032), and preferred to watch and wait in clinically ambiguous medical situations (0.66[0.48-0.89], p = .007).
Evidence that attitudes and intentions towards COVID-19 vaccines were important predictors of uptake provides validation for studies using these measures and reinforces the need to develop strategies for addressing safety and development concerns which remain at the forefront of vaccine hesitancy.
为了有效推动疫苗接种，了解哪些人最愿意接种疫苗、哪些人最不愿意接种疫苗以及原因至关重要。本研究旨在调查 COVID-19 疫苗接种率的预测因素和未接种疫苗的原因。
我们于 2020 年 12 月至 2021 年 1 月和 3 月进行了一项在线英语语言调查研究。共有 930 名美国受访者完成了所有调查。采用多项逻辑回归模型检验早期疫苗接种资格、人口统计学因素和心理因素是否能预测 2021 年 1 月和 3 月至少接种一剂 COVID-19 疫苗。
愿意接种至少一剂 COVID-19 疫苗的受访者比例从 1 月的 18%上升至 3 月的 67%。年龄较大是 1 月（OR=2.02[95%CI=1.14-3.78]，p<0.001）和 3 月（10.92[6.76-18.05]，p<0.001）接种疫苗的预测因素。1 月时，较高的计算能力（1.48[1.20-1.86]，p<0.001）、COVID-19 风险认知（1.35[1.03-1.78]，p=0.029）和认为成年人接种 COVID-19 疫苗很重要（1.66[1.05-2.66]，p=0.033）也是接种疫苗的预测因素。3 月时，接种疫苗的其他预测因素包括认为成年人接种 COVID-19 疫苗很重要（1.63[1.15-2.34]，p=0.006）、之前有接种 COVID-19 疫苗的意向（1.37[1.10-1.72]，p=0.006）和对科学的信任（0.84[0.72-0.99]，p=0.041）。对副作用和研发过程的担忧是未接种疫苗的主要原因。对 COVID-19 疫苗没有兴趣的未接种疫苗者更年轻（0.27[0.09-0.77]，p=0.016），对成人 COVID-19 疫苗持负面看法（0.15[0.08-0.26]，p<0.001），对医疗保健的信任度较低（0.59[0.36-0.95]，p=0.032），在临床不确定的医疗情况下更喜欢观望和等待（0.66[0.48-0.89]，p=0.007）。
证据表明，对 COVID-19 疫苗的态度和意向是接种率的重要预测因素，这为使用这些措施进行的研究提供了验证，并再次强调需要制定策略来解决安全性和研发方面的担忧，这些问题仍是疫苗犹豫的核心问题。
