Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Hordaland, Norway.
Department of Health Promotion, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Bergen, Hordaland, Norway.
Front Public Health. 2024 Feb 27;12:1286554. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1286554. eCollection 2024.
Few studies have considered the life-course development of depressive symptoms in relation to life transitions in early-adulthood and whether these might affect depressive trajectories differently depending on specific indicators of parental socioeconomic status (SES). In the present work, we explore these questions using the adolescent pathway model as a guiding framework to test socially differential exposure, tracking and vulnerability of the effects of life transitions on depressed mood across different socioeconomic backgrounds.
Latent growth modeling was used to estimate the associations between indicators of parental SES (parental education and household income) and depressed mood from age 13 to 40 with life transitions (leaving the parental home, leaving the educational system, beginning cohabitation, attaining employment) as pathways between the two. Our analyses were based on a 27-year longitudinal dataset ( = 1242) of a Norwegian cohort with 10 time points in total. To make socioeconomic comparisons, three groups (low, mid, and high) were made for parental education and income respectively.
Depressed mood decreased from age 13 to 40. The low and high parental education groups showed a stable difference in depressed mood during early adolescence, which decreased in young adulthood and then increased slightly in mid-adulthood. The low household income group showed higher depressed mood across young adulthood compared to the medium and higher household income groups. For life transitions, leaving the parental home and beginning cohabitation was associated with an added downturn of the trajectory of depressed mood when adjusting for other transitions. However, adolescents with high parental education showed a relatively stronger decrease in depressed mood when leaving the parental home. Similarly, adolescents with a high household income showed a relatively stronger decrease in depressed mood when leaving the educational system.
Depressed mood decreased over time and developed differently depending on parental education and household income. Life transitions were generally associated with reductions in depressed mood across time, but lower SES youths were not found to be more socially vulnerable these effects.
很少有研究考虑与成年早期生活转变相关的抑郁症状的生命历程发展，以及这些生活转变是否会因特定的父母社会经济地位（SES）指标而对抑郁轨迹产生不同的影响。在本研究中，我们使用青少年途径模型作为指导框架来探索这些问题，以检验生活转变对不同社会经济背景下抑郁情绪的影响的社会差异暴露、追踪和脆弱性。
使用潜在增长建模来估计父母 SES（父母教育和家庭收入）指标与从 13 岁到 40 岁的抑郁情绪之间的关联，以及生活转变（离开父母家、离开教育系统、开始同居、获得就业）作为两者之间的途径。我们的分析基于一个挪威队列的 27 年纵向数据集（n=1242），总共有 10 个时间点。为了进行社会经济比较，分别为父母教育和收入制作了三个组别（低、中、高）。
抑郁情绪从 13 岁到 40 岁下降。低和高父母教育组在青少年早期表现出稳定的抑郁情绪差异，这种差异在成年早期下降，然后在中年期略有增加。低家庭收入组在整个成年早期的抑郁情绪都高于中高家庭收入组。对于生活转变，离开父母家和开始同居与调整其他转变后的抑郁情绪轨迹的下降有关。然而，离开父母家时，高父母教育的青少年的抑郁情绪下降幅度相对较大。同样，离开教育系统时，高家庭收入的青少年的抑郁情绪下降幅度相对较大。
抑郁情绪随时间推移而下降，并且根据父母教育和家庭收入的不同而有所不同。生活转变通常与随时间推移的抑郁情绪降低有关，但较低 SES 的年轻人并没有表现出对这些影响的更易受社会影响的脆弱性。
