Parent Sylvie, Radziszewski Stephanie, Gillard Allyson, Bélanger-Gravel Ariane, Gagné Marie-Hélène, St-Pierre Elisabeth, Vertommen Tine, Woodburn Andrea
Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
Front Sports Act Living. 2024 Feb 27;6:1355958. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1355958. eCollection 2024.
A growing body of research is looking into risk factors for interpersonal violence (IV) in sport. This research suggests the existence of several important risk factors, especially organizational and social factors. One of these factors is the beliefs regarding instrumental effects of violence. Coaches may want to drive performance, deter failure, test resilience and commitment, develop toughness, assure interpersonal control, and promote internal competition. In sum, available evidence suggests the risk of IV increases when coaches believe in the effectiveness of strategies involving IV to enhance athlete performance or perceive external approval for these practices.
The studies presented in this article seeks to develop and validate the Perceived Instrumental Effects of Violence in Sport (PIEVS) Scale in order to measure those beliefs in coaches. In study 1, item generation, expert consultation, cognitive interviews, pilot test and item reduction phases led to 25 items for the PIEVS around six dimensions. In study 2, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted with 690 coaches in order to determine the PIEVS factorial structure and the convergent and divergent validity of the scale was tested (long and short form).
Our results suggested a one-factor solution for the PIEVS (25 items). This one-factor model provided an excellent fit to the data and a very good internal consistency. The PIEVS and empowering motivational climate were negatively correlated, which supported divergent validity as expected. The PIEVS was positively correlated with the disempowering motivational climate and with sport ethic norms, which supported convergent validity as expected.
These findings provide preliminary evidence for the appropriateness of the PIEVS Scale to measure perceived instrumental effects of violence in coaches.
越来越多的研究正在探究体育运动中人际暴力（IV）的风险因素。这项研究表明存在几个重要的风险因素，尤其是组织和社会因素。其中一个因素是关于暴力工具性作用的信念。教练可能希望推动成绩提升、威慑失败、测试恢复力和投入度、培养坚韧精神、确保人际控制以及促进内部竞争。总之，现有证据表明，当教练相信涉及人际暴力的策略能有效提升运动员成绩或认为这些做法能得到外部认可时，人际暴力的风险就会增加。
本文所呈现的研究旨在开发并验证体育运动中暴力的感知工具性作用量表（PIEVS），以便测量教练的那些信念。在研究1中，经过项目生成、专家咨询、认知访谈、预测试和项目缩减阶段，围绕六个维度得出了25个PIEVS项目。在研究2中，对690名教练进行了探索性因素分析（EFA），以确定PIEVS的因素结构，并测试了该量表的收敛效度和区分效度（长式和短式）。
我们的结果表明PIEVS为单因素解决方案（25个项目）。这个单因素模型与数据拟合良好，内部一致性非常好。PIEVS与增强动机氛围呈负相关，正如预期支持了区分效度。PIEVS与削弱动机氛围以及体育道德规范呈正相关，正如预期支持了收敛效度。
这些发现为PIEVS量表适用于测量教练对暴力工具性作用的感知提供了初步证据。
