Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, P. O. Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe.
Environ Monit Assess. 2024 Mar 15;196(4):367. doi: 10.1007/s10661-023-12282-7.
There is a lack of comprehensive reviews tracking emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) within the soil-plant continuum using the source-pathway-receptor-impact-mitigation (SPRIM) framework. Therefore, this review examines existing literature to gain insights into the occurrence, behaviour, fate, health hazards, and strategies for mitigating EOCs within the soil-plant system. EOCs identified in the soil-plant system encompass endocrine-disrupting chemicals, surfactants, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, plasticizers, gasoline additives, flame retardants, and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Sources of EOCs in the soil-plant system include the land application of biosolids, wastewater, and solid wastes rich in EOCs. However, less-studied sources encompass plastics and atmospheric deposition. EOCs are transported from their sources to the soil-plant system and other receptors through human activities, wind-driven processes, and hydrological pathways. The behaviour, persistence, and fate of EOCs within the soil-plant system are discussed, including sorption, degradation, phase partitioning, (bio)transformation, biouptake, translocation, and bioaccumulation in plants. Factors governing the behaviour, persistence, and fate of EOCs in the soil-plant system include pH, redox potential, texture, temperature, and soil organic matter content. The review also discusses the environmental receptors of EOCs, including their exchange with other environmental compartments (aquatic and atmospheric), and interactions with soil organisms. The ecological health risks, human exposure via inhalation of particulate matter and consumption of contaminated food, and hazards associated with various EOCs in the soil-plant system are discussed. Various mitigation measures including removal technologies of EOCs in the soil are discussed. Finally, future research directions are presented.
目前缺乏使用源-途径-受体-影响-缓解（SPRIM）框架全面跟踪土壤-植物连续体中新兴有机污染物（EOCs）的综述。因此，本综述通过考察现有文献，深入了解土壤-植物系统中 EOCs 的发生、行为、归宿、健康危害以及缓解策略。土壤-植物系统中鉴定出的 EOCs 包括内分泌干扰化学物质、表面活性剂、药物、个人护理产品、增塑剂、汽油添加剂、阻燃剂和全氟及多氟烷基物质（PFAS）。土壤-植物系统中 EOCs 的来源包括富含 EOCs 的生物固体、废水和固体废物的土地应用。然而，较少研究的来源还包括塑料和大气沉降。EOCs 通过人类活动、风驱动过程和水文途径从其源转移到土壤-植物系统和其他受体。讨论了 EOCs 在土壤-植物系统中的行为、持久性和归宿，包括吸附、降解、相间分配、（生物）转化、生物摄取、转运和植物中的生物积累。影响 EOCs 在土壤-植物系统中行为、持久性和归宿的因素包括 pH 值、氧化还原电位、质地、温度和土壤有机质含量。本综述还讨论了 EOCs 的环境受体，包括它们与其他环境隔室（水相和大气）的交换以及与土壤生物的相互作用。讨论了土壤-植物系统中各种 EOCs 的生态健康风险、人类通过吸入颗粒物和食用受污染食物的暴露以及与各种 EOCs 相关的危害。还讨论了包括去除土壤中 EOCs 的去除技术在内的各种缓解措施。最后，提出了未来的研究方向。
