Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla, 72453, Mexico.
Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, 64149, Nuevo León, Mexico.
Chemosphere. 2022 Dec;308(Pt 1):136285. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136285. Epub 2022 Aug 31.
This review compiles the studies (2007-2021) regarding the occurrence of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) and endocrine disruptors (EDs) in wastewater, surface water and groundwater in Mexico. A total of 174 compounds were detected, including pharmaceuticals, hormones, plasticizers, personal care products, sweeteners, drugs, and pesticides considered as EDs. The levels of EOCs and EDs varied from ng/L to 140 mg/L, depending on the compound, location, and compartment. Raw wastewater was the most studied matrix, showing a greater abundance and number of detected compounds. Nevertheless, surface waters showed high concentrations of bisphenol-A, butylbenzil-phthalate, triclosan, pentachlorophenol, and the hormones estrone, 17 α-ethinylestradiol, and 17 β-estradiol, which exceeded the thresholds set by international guidelines. Concentrations of 17 α-ethinylestradiol and triclosan exceeding the above-mentioned limits were reported in groundwater. Cropland irrigation with raw wastewater was the principal activity introducing EOCs and EDs into groundwater. The groundwater abundance of EOCs was considerably lesser than that of wastewater, highlighting the attenuation capacity of soils/aquifers during wastewater infiltration. However, carbamazepine and N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide showed higher concentrations in groundwater than those in wastewater, suggesting their accumulation/concentration in soils/pore-waters. Although the contamination of water resources represents one of the most environmental concerns in Mexico, this review brings to light the lack of studies on the occurrence of EOCs in Mexican waters, which is important for public health policies and for developing legislations that incorporates EOCs as priority contaminants in national water quality guidelines. Consequently, the development of legislations will support regulatory compliance for wastewater and drinking water, reducing the human exposure.
本综述汇总了 2007 年至 2021 年期间有关新兴有机污染物（EOCs）和内分泌干扰物（EDs）在墨西哥废水、地表水和地下水中的研究。共检测到 174 种化合物，包括药品、激素、增塑剂、个人护理产品、甜味剂、毒品和被认为是 EDs 的农药。EOCs 和 EDs 的水平因化合物、地点和隔室而异，从 ng/L 到 140mg/L 不等。原废水是研究最多的基质，显示出更大的丰度和更多检测到的化合物。然而，地表水显示出双酚 A、丁基苯酞邻苯二甲酸酯、三氯生、五氯苯酚和激素雌酮、17α-乙炔基雌二醇和 17β-雌二醇的高浓度，这些浓度超过了国际指南设定的阈值。在地下水中报告了 17α-乙炔基雌二醇和三氯生超过上述限值的浓度。用原废水灌溉农田是将 EOCs 和 EDs 引入地下水的主要活动。地下水中 EOCs 的丰度明显低于废水，突出了废水渗透过程中土壤/含水层的衰减能力。然而，卡马西平（carbamazepine）和 N,N-二乙基间甲苯甲酰胺（N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide）在地下水中的浓度高于废水中的浓度，表明它们在土壤/孔隙水中的积累/浓缩。尽管水资源污染是墨西哥最关注的环境问题之一，但本综述揭示了缺乏关于墨西哥水域中 EOCs 存在的研究，这对于公共卫生政策和制定将 EOCs 作为国家水质指南优先污染物的法规很重要。因此，法规的制定将支持废水和饮用水的法规遵从性，从而减少人类暴露。
