Le Hyaric Antoine, Aftalion Amandine, Hanley Brian
Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions (LJLL), CNRS, Inria, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
Centre D'Analyse et de Mathématique Sociales, CNRS UMR-8557, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France.
Front Sports Act Living. 2024 Mar 5;6:1293145. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1293145. eCollection 2024.
The 400 m and 1,500 m are track events that rely on different but important contributions from both the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. The purpose of this study is to model men's and women's 400 m and 1,500 m championship performances to gain a deeper understanding of the key mechanical and physiological factors affecting running speed and bend running using high-resolution data from live competition (10 Hz). To investigate World-class athletes' instantaneous speeds, propulsive forces and aerobic and anaerobic energy, we model and simulate the performances of the men's and women's European Athletics 400 m champions, Matthew Hudson-Smith and Femke Bol, as well as the men's European Athletics 1,500 m champion, Jakob Ingebrigtsen, and the women's European Athletics U23 1,500 m champion, Gaia Sabbatini. The simulations show that a fast start is essential in both the 400 m and 1,500 m because of the need for fast oxygen kinetics, with peak running speeds occurring within the first ∼50 m in both events. Subsequently, 400 m athletes slow continually from this maximum speed to the finish, and a total anaerobic contribution of ∼77% is found for both male and female champions. The key to faster 400 m racing is to reduce the decrease in velocity: this comes from both a high VO and a high anaerobic contribution. Ingebrigtsen's winning tactic in the European 1,500 m final is to adopt a very fast cruising pace from 300 m onwards that is possible because he is able to maintain a high VO value until the end of the race and has a large anaerobic contribution. He has fast VO kinetics that does not require as fast a start as his opponents, but then he speeds up in the last two laps, without a fast sprint finish. The comparison between Sabbatini's slower and quicker races (∼8 s difference) shows that it is the improvement of aerobic metabolism that has the greatest effect on 1,500 m performance. Coaches should note in particular that the all-out pacing nature of the 400 m requires the prioritization of anaerobic energy system development, and those who coach the 1,500 m should note the differing energy contributions between even-paced races and championship racing.
400米和1500米是径赛项目，有氧和无氧能量系统均发挥着不同但重要的作用。本研究旨在对男子和女子400米及1500米锦标赛成绩进行建模，以便利用现场比赛的高分辨率数据（10赫兹），更深入地了解影响跑步速度和弯道跑的关键力学和生理因素。为了研究世界级运动员的瞬时速度、推进力以及有氧和无氧能量，我们对男子和女子欧洲田径400米冠军马修·哈德森-史密斯和费姆克·博尔，以及男子欧洲田径1500米冠军雅各布·英格布里格森和女子欧洲田径U23 1500米冠军盖亚·萨巴蒂尼的成绩进行了建模和模拟。模拟结果表明，由于快速的氧动力学需求，快速起跑在400米和1500米比赛中都至关重要，两个项目的最高跑步速度都出现在前约50米内。随后，400米运动员从这个最高速度持续减速直至终点，男女冠军的总无氧贡献率约为77%。400米比赛跑得更快的关键在于减少速度下降：这既来自高摄氧量，也来自高无氧贡献率。英格布里格森在欧洲1500米决赛中的获胜策略是从300米起采用非常快的巡航配速，这是可行的，因为他能够在比赛结束前保持高摄氧量值，并且有较大的无氧贡献率。他有快速的摄氧量动力学，起跑不需要像对手那么快，但在最后两圈加速，没有快速冲刺终点。萨巴蒂尼较慢和较快比赛（相差约8秒）的比较表明，有氧代谢的改善对1500米成绩影响最大。教练们应特别注意，400米的全力配速性质要求优先发展无氧能量系统，而执教1500米的教练应注意匀速比赛和锦标赛比赛中能量贡献的差异。
