An Haoxian, Li Yonggang, Li Yanshen, Gong Shanmin, Zhu Ya'ning, Li Xinru, Zhou Shuang, Wu Yongning
College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China.
Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China.
Chem Res Toxicol. 2024 Apr 15;37(4):528-539. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00019. Epub 2024 Mar 20.
Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-Oxides (QdNOs) have been used as synthetic antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry and aquaculture. The metabolism and potential toxicity have been also concerns in recently years. The metabolism investigations showed that there were 8 metabolites of Carbadox (CBX), 34 metabolites of Cyadox (CYA), 33 metabolites of Mequindox (MEQ), 35 metabolites of Olaquindox (OLA), and 56 metabolites of Quinocetone (QCT) in different animals. Among them, Cb3 and Cb8, M6, and O9 are metabolic residual markers of CBX, MEQ and OLA, which are associated with N → O reduction. Toxicity studies revealed that QdNOs exhibited severe tumorigenicity, cytotoxicity, and adrenal toxicity. Metabolic toxicology showed that toxicity of QdNOs metabolites might be related to the N → O group reduction, and some metabolites exhibited higher toxic effects than the precursor, which could provide guidance for further research on the metabolic toxicology of QdNOs and provide a wealth of information for food safety evaluation.
喹喔啉 1,4 - 二氧化物（QdNOs）已被用作畜牧业和水产养殖中的合成抗菌剂。近年来，其代谢和潜在毒性也受到关注。代谢研究表明，不同动物体内卡巴氧（CBX）有8种代谢物、喹赛多（CYA）有34种代谢物、乙酰甲喹（MEQ）有33种代谢物、喹乙醇（OLA）有35种代谢物、喹烯酮（QCT）有56种代谢物。其中，Cb3、Cb8、M6和O9分别是CBX、MEQ和OLA的代谢残留标志物，与N→O还原有关。毒性研究表明，QdNOs具有严重的致瘤性、细胞毒性和肾上腺毒性。代谢毒理学研究表明，QdNOs代谢物的毒性可能与N→O基团还原有关，一些代谢物表现出比前体更高的毒性作用，这可为进一步研究QdNOs的代谢毒理学提供指导，并为食品安全评估提供丰富信息。
