Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2024 Jul;84:127424. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127424. Epub 2024 Mar 7.
BACKGROUND: This study measured the concentrations of arsenic (As), aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in the urine samples of the Iranian adult population. METHODS: This nationally representative study was conducted on 490 participants in six provinces of Iran who were selected based on the clustering method. Participants included healthy Iranian adults aged above 25 years without a history of illness and non-smokers. Fasting urine sampling, body composition, and demographic measurements were performed for each participant. Urine samples were analyzed by acid digesting method using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The analysis included descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression using Python programming language. RESULTS: The geometrical mean (with corresponding reference values, µg/l) concentrations of metal(loid)s in urine for women, men, and both were 198.2 (625.3), 163.5 (486.1), and 192.5(570.4) for Al, 15.6(51.7), 28.8(71.1), and 21.9 (61.64) for As, 18.5(55.2), 20.7(56.5), and 19.22(55.75) for Pb, 17.9(57.6), 17.9 (53.9), and 17.9(56) for Ni, 13.95(47.5), 20.3(62.2) and 16(51.6) for Cr, 3.5(12.2), 2.9(11.5), and 3.3(12) for Hg, 0.74(2.7), 0.95 (3.6), and 0.81(3.1) for Cd. There was a direct relationship between the concentration of metal(loid)s and demographic indicators and body composition (P<0.05). Moreover, there was a direct relationship between the concentration of As, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Pb with age and wealth index (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The concentrations found could be used as the reference range for As, Al, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Pb for human biomonitoring studies on the Iranian adult population.
背景：本研究测定了伊朗成年人群尿液样本中砷（As）、铝（Al）、镉（Cd）、铬（Cr）、汞（Hg）、镍（Ni）和铅（Pb）的浓度。
方法：本研究为全国代表性研究，共纳入伊朗六个省份的 490 名参与者，采用聚类法进行选择。参与者为年龄在 25 岁以上、无病史且不吸烟的健康伊朗成年人。对每位参与者进行空腹尿液采样、人体成分和人口统计学测量。采用酸消解法，利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）对尿液样本进行分析。分析包括使用 Python 编程语言进行描述性统计和多元线性回归。
结果：女性、男性和两性的尿液中金属（类）浓度几何平均值（相应的参考值，μg/L）分别为 198.2（625.3）、163.5（486.1）和 192.5（570.4）的 Al，15.6（51.7）、28.8（71.1）和 21.9（61.64）的 As，18.5（55.2）、20.7（56.5）和 19.22（55.75）的 Pb，17.9（57.6）、17.9（53.9）和 17.9（56）的 Ni，13.95（47.5）、20.3（62.2）和 16（51.6）的 Cr，3.5（12.2）、2.9（11.5）和 3.3（12）的 Hg，0.74（2.7）、0.95（3.6）和 0.81（3.1）的 Cd。金属（类）浓度与人口统计学指标和人体成分呈直接关系（P<0.05）。此外，As、Cr、Hg、Ni 和 Pb 浓度与年龄和财富指数呈直接关系（P<0.05）。
结论：本研究结果可作为伊朗成年人人群进行人体生物监测研究的 As、Al、Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni 和 Pb 的参考范围。
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