Estimating causality between smoking and abdominal obesity by Mendelian randomization.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Smokers tend to have a lower body weight than non-smokers, but also more abdominal fat. It remains unclear whether or not the relationship between smoking and abdominal obesity is causal. Previous Mendelian randomization (MR) studies have investigated this relationship by relying upon a single genetic variant for smoking heaviness. This approach is sensitive to pleiotropic effects and may produce imprecise causal estimates. We aimed to estimate causality between smoking and abdominal obesity using multiple genetic instruments.

DESIGN

MR study using causal analysis using summary effect estimates (CAUSE) and latent heritable confounder MR (LHC-MR) methods that instrument smoking using genome-wide data, and also two-sample MR (2SMR) methods.

SETTING

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary statistics from participants of European ancestry, obtained from the GWAS and Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine use (GSCAN), Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits (GIANT) Consortium and the UK Biobank.

PARTICIPANTS

We used GWAS results for smoking initiation (n = 1 232 091), life-time smoking (n = 462 690) and smoking heaviness (n = 337 334) as exposure traits, and waist-hip ratio (WHR) and waist and hip circumferences (WC and HC) (n up to 697 734), with and without adjustment for body mass index (adjBMI), as outcome traits.

MEASUREMENTS

Smoking initiation, life-time smoking, smoking heaviness, WHR, WC, HC, WHR, WC and HC.

FINDINGS

Both CAUSE and LHC-MR indicated a positive causal effect of smoking initiation on WHR (0.13 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.10, 0.16 and 0.49 (0.41, 0.57), respectively] and WHR (0.07 (0.03, 0.10) and 0.31 (0.26, 0.37). Similarly, they indicated a positive causal effect of life-time smoking on WHR [0.35 (0.29, 0.41) and 0.44 (0.38, 0.51)] and WHR [0.18 (0.13, 0.24) and 0.26 (0.20, 0.31)]. In follow-up analyses, smoking particularly increased visceral fat. There was no evidence of a mediating role by cortisol or sex hormones.

CONCLUSIONS

Smoking initiation and higher life-time smoking may lead to increased abdominal fat distribution. The increase in abdominal fat due to smoking is characterized by an increase in visceral fat. Thus, efforts to prevent and cease smoking can have the added benefit of reducing abdominal fat.