School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, PR China.
BMC Womens Health. 2024 Mar 20;24(1):186. doi: 10.1186/s12905-024-02996-2.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global social issue and increasingly asks for the attention of policymakers. IPV is one of the main factors that affect the health of pregnant women and their infants during pregnancy and after childbirth; it will not only cause direct harm to women themselves but also reduce women's exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) behavior and pose a threat to newborn health. Existing facts on the association between IPV and EBF in the Pakistani context are negligible and incomplete to an enduring measure of IPV practice. To this effect, the present study aims to investigate the relationship between EBF and IPV practiced during the prenatal period and post-delivery.
The statistics study has drawn from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2018. A total of 1191 breastfeeding females aged 15-49 with children under 6 months were selected for the present study. T-test or chi-square test of Univariate test of hypothesis; Logistic regression model was utilized to explore the potential impact of IPV on female exclusive breastfeeding from three dimensions of physical, sexual and psychological violence, to provide data support for the Pakistani government to formulate policies to promote female EBF. All investigations have been performed in STATA software 16.0 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX, USA) at 95% confidence interval.
Among the 1191 participants, 43.6% (520 / 1191) of the females were EBF, while the rates of physical, sexual, and emotional IPV were 47.44%, 30.23%, and 51.72%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that females who have experienced physical IPV were 32% less likely to be exclusively breastfed (aOR = 0.68; 95% CI; 0.490, 0.980; P < 0.05), the chances of EBF were reduced by 22% in women who experienced IPV (aOR = 0.78; 95 CI; 0.55, 1.00; P < 0.05), females who experienced emotional IPV were 31% less probable to exclusively breastfed (aOR = 0.69; 95% CI; 0.47, 0.92; P < 0.05).
This study determines the adverse effects of sexual and psychological violence on EBF practices in women. Policymakers in Pakistan should actively implement assistance programs to reduce IPV, emphasize monitoring women's experiences of IPV before and after giving birth, and encourage women to break the "culture of silence" when they experience IPV to maximize their access to assistance.
亲密伴侣暴力（IPV）是一个全球性的社会问题，越来越引起政策制定者的关注。IPV 是影响孕妇及其婴儿在怀孕期间和产后健康的主要因素之一；它不仅会对妇女自身造成直接伤害，还会降低妇女的纯母乳喂养（EBF）行为，对新生儿健康构成威胁。在巴基斯坦背景下，关于 IPV 与 EBF 之间关联的现有事实是微不足道的，而且不完整，无法衡量 IPV 实践的持久程度。为此，本研究旨在探讨产前和产后期间 EBF 与 IPV 实践之间的关系。
本统计研究借鉴了 2018 年巴基斯坦人口与健康调查（PDHS）的数据。共有 1191 名年龄在 15-49 岁、6 个月以下儿童的母乳喂养女性被选为本研究的对象。采用单变量检验假设的 t 检验或卡方检验；使用逻辑回归模型从身体、性和心理暴力三个维度探讨 IPV 对女性纯母乳喂养的潜在影响，为巴基斯坦政府制定促进女性 EBF 的政策提供数据支持。所有调查均在 STATA 软件 16.0（StataCorp，College Station，TX，USA）中以 95%置信区间进行。
在 1191 名参与者中，43.6%（520/1191）的女性进行了 EBF，而身体、性和情感 IPV 的发生率分别为 47.44%、30.23%和 51.72%。逻辑回归分析显示，经历过身体 IPV 的女性进行 EBF 的可能性降低了 32%（aOR=0.68；95%CI；0.490,0.980；P<0.05），经历过 IPV 的女性进行 EBF 的可能性降低了 22%（aOR=0.78；95CI；0.55,1.00；P<0.05），经历过情感 IPV 的女性进行 EBF 的可能性降低了 31%（aOR=0.69；95%CI；0.47,0.92；P<0.05）。
本研究确定了性暴力和心理暴力对女性 EBF 实践的不良影响。巴基斯坦的政策制定者应积极实施援助计划，以减少 IPV，强调在妇女分娩前后监测其遭受 IPV 的经历，并鼓励妇女在遭受 IPV 时打破“沉默文化”，以最大限度地获得援助。
