A comprehensive comparison of molecular and phenotypic profiles between hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected and non-HBV-infected hepatocellular carcinoma by multi-omics analysis.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). An interesting question is how different are the molecular and phenotypic profiles between HBV-infected (HBV+) and non-HBV-infected (HBV-) HCCs? Based on the publicly available multi-omics data for HCC, including bulk and single-cell data, and the data we collected and sequenced, we performed a comprehensive comparison of molecular and phenotypic features between HBV+ and HBV- HCCs. Our analysis showed that compared to HBV- HCCs, HBV+ HCCs had significantly better clinical outcomes, higher degree of genomic instability, higher enrichment of DNA repair and immune-related pathways, lower enrichment of stromal and oncogenic signaling pathways, and better response to immunotherapy. Furthermore, in vitro experiments confirmed that HBV+ HCCs had higher immunity, PD-L1 expression and activation of DNA damage response pathways. This study may provide insights into the profiles of HBV+ and HBV- HCCs, and guide rational therapeutic interventions for HCC patients.