Gharaibeh Mohammad H, Al Sheyab Sahba Y, Malkawi Ismail M, Al Qudsi Farah R
Department of Basic Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 21121, Jordan.
Heliyon. 2024 Mar 12;10(6):e27759. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27759. eCollection 2024 Mar 30.
Avian pathogenic (APEC) has been identified as a sub-group of extraintestinal pathogenic (ExPEC). Recent studies indicate APEC as a potential foodborne zoonotic pathogen and a source or reservoir of human extraintestinal infections. The slaughtering and processing of poultry in low-income countries such as Jordan occurs in two distinct ways: in informal facilities known as Natafat and in formal slaughterhouses. This study compared phenotypes and genotypes according to slaughtering conditions (formal slaughterhouses vs. informal slaughter facilities). Therefore, liver samples (n = 242) were collected from formal (n = 121) and informal slaughter facilities (n = 121). Results revealed a high prevalence (94.2%) of among all isolates, with 59 (17 formal and 42 informal) isolates considered avian pathogenic (APEC) based on the virulence-associated genes. The prevalence of resistance among isolates was relatively high, reaching up to 99% against penicillin and 97% against nalidixic acid. However, the prevalence of resistance was the lowest (1.3%) against both meropenem and imipenem. Based on the MIC test findings, colistin resistance was 46.9% (107/228). The -1 gene prevalence was 51.4% (55/107), of which 17.1 % were from formal plants (6/36) and 68.1% from informal facilities (49/72). Interestingly, only one isolate (0.9%) expressed -10. Escherichia coli O157:H7 and associated virulence genes were found more in informal (n = 15 genes) than in formal slaughterhouses (n = 8). Phylogroups B1, C, and A were the most frequent in 228 isolates, while G, B2, and clade were the least frequent. In conclusion, these findings highlight the importance of implementing biosecurity measures in slaughterhouses to reduce antibiotic-resistant spread. Furthermore, this study provides valuable insights into the effects of wet market (Natafat) slaughter conditions on increasing bacterial resistance and virulence.
禽致病性大肠杆菌（APEC）已被确定为肠外致病性大肠杆菌（ExPEC）的一个亚群。最近的研究表明，APEC是一种潜在的食源性人畜共患病原体，也是人类肠外感染的一个来源或宿主。在约旦等低收入国家，家禽的屠宰和加工有两种不同的方式：在名为纳塔法特的非正式设施和正规屠宰场。本研究根据屠宰条件（正规屠宰场与非正式屠宰设施）比较了表型和基因型。因此，从正规（n = 121）和非正式屠宰设施（n = 121）收集了肝脏样本（n = 242）。结果显示，所有分离株中禽致病性大肠杆菌的患病率很高（94.2%），基于毒力相关基因，有59株（17株来自正规设施，42株来自非正式设施）被认为是禽致病性大肠杆菌（APEC）。分离株中的耐药率相对较高，对青霉素的耐药率高达99%，对萘啶酸的耐药率为97%。然而，对美罗培南和亚胺培南的耐药率最低（1.3%）。根据MIC测试结果，黏菌素耐药率为46.9%（107/228）。mcr -1基因患病率为51.4%（55/107），其中17.1%来自正规工厂（6/36），68.1%来自非正式设施（49/72）。有趣的是，只有一株分离株（0.9%）表达了mcr -10。在非正式屠宰场（n = 15个基因）中发现的大肠杆菌O157:H7及相关毒力基因比在正规屠宰场（n = 8个基因）中更多。在228株分离株中，B1、C和A系统发育群最为常见，而G、B2和进化枝最为少见。总之，这些发现突出了在屠宰场实施生物安全措施以减少抗生素耐药性大肠杆菌传播的重要性。此外，本研究为湿市场（纳塔法特）屠宰条件对增加细菌耐药性和毒力的影响提供了有价值的见解。
