Investigating mangrove-human health relationships: A review of recently reported physiological benefits.

Ecosystems continue to experience degradation worldwide, with diminishing ecosystem services presenting unfavourable outlooks for all aspects of human wellbeing including health. To inform protective policies that safeguard both ecological and health benefits, syntheses of available knowledge are required especially for neglected ecosystems such as mangroves. However, reviews about relationships between mangroves and human health are rare. This review identifies and categorizes evidence reported in the Web of Science database about health impacts of mangrove ecosystem goods and services. 96 papers were retained after application of exclusion criteria and filtration steps to results of database and bibliographical searches. Findings highlight most abundantly that bioactive extracts of mangrove sediment, plant, and plant associates are useful for the treatment of human ailments and infections. Also reported is the heavy and trace metal bioremediation capacity of mangroves ecosystems, with concomitant modulating effects on associated human health risks. Evidence of mangrove influence on human nutrition via fisheries and food production support services, either singularly or in conjunction with linked ecosystems is also offered. Finally, mangrove effects on the prevalence of causative agents, and therefore on the incidence and distribution of infectious diseases, are also presented. Positive influences of mangroves on human health are implied via three of the four routes reported, which diminish with degradation and appreciate with proper ecosystem functioning. The undesirable links lie chiefly with higher infectious disease risk posed by mangroves, which requires further exploration regarding suspected ecological pathways available for limiting said risks. Other gaps identified are sparse information about in-vivo efficacy and safety of mangrove bioactive isolates, specific nutrient content and diversity associated with mangrove-supported food production outcomes, and the geographically limited nature of most findings. Beyond economic value, health benefits of mangroves are significant and outweigh their disservices to humans. To ensure sustainable supply of the full complement of these benefits, they should be considered when designing ecosystems management regimes.