Synaptic Electrophysiology of the Neuromuscular Junction.

Chemical synaptic transmission is an important means of neuronal communication in the nervous system. Upon the arrival of an action potential, the nerve terminal experiences an influx of calcium ions, which in turn trigger the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles (SVs) and the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. Transmitters elicit synaptic responses in the postsynaptic cell by binding to and activating specific receptors. This is followed by the recycling of SVs at presynaptic terminals. The larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) shares many structural and functional similarities to synapses in other animals, including humans. These include the basic features of synaptic transmission, as well as the molecular mechanisms regulating the SV cycle. Because of its large size, easy accessibility, and well-characterized genetics, the fly NMJ is an excellent model system for dissecting the cellular and molecular mechanisms of synaptic transmission. Here, we describe the theory and practice of electrophysiology as applied to the larval NMJ preparation. We introduce the basics of membrane potentials, with an emphasis on the resting potential and synaptic potential. We also describe the equipment and methods required to set up an electrophysiology rig.