Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146, Rome, Italy.
Department of Computer, Control and Management Engineering, Sapienza University, 00185, Rome, Italy.
Eur J Hum Genet. 2024 Jul;32(7):819-826. doi: 10.1038/s41431-024-01597-9. Epub 2024 Mar 25.
Autosomal dominant Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare multiple congenital anomalies/neurodevelopmental disorder caused by heterozygous inactivating variants or structural rearrangements of the lysine-specific methyltransferase 2D (KMT2D) gene. While it is often recognizable due to a distinctive gestalt, the disorder is clinically variable, and a phenotypic scoring system has been introduced to help clinicians to reach a clinical diagnosis. The phenotype, however, can be less pronounced in some patients, including those carrying postzygotic mutations. The full spectrum of pathogenic variation in KMT2D has not fully been characterized, which may hamper the clinical classification of a portion of these variants. DNA methylation (DNAm) profiling has successfully been used as a tool to classify variants in genes associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders, including KS. In this work, we applied a KS-specific DNAm signature in a cohort of 13 individuals with KMT2D VUS and clinical features suggestive or overlapping with KS. We succeeded in correctly classifying all the tested individuals, confirming diagnosis for three subjects and rejecting the pathogenic role of 10 VUS in the context of KS. In the latter group, exome sequencing allowed to identify the genetic cause underlying the disorder in three subjects. By testing five individuals with postzygotic pathogenic KMT2D variants, we also provide evidence that DNAm profiling has power to recognize pathogenic variants at different levels of mosaicism, identifying 15% as the minimum threshold for which DNAm profiling can be applied as an informative diagnostic tool in KS mosaics.
常染色体显性遗传歌舞伎综合征(KS)是一种罕见的多种先天畸形/神经发育障碍,由赖氨酸特异性甲基转移酶 2D(KMT2D)基因的杂合失活变异或结构重排引起。虽然由于独特的整体表现形式通常可以识别出来,但该疾病在临床上具有变异性,并且已经引入了一种表型评分系统来帮助临床医生做出临床诊断。然而,在一些患者中,包括那些携带合子后突变的患者,表型可能不太明显。KMT2D 中的致病变异的全谱尚未完全表征,这可能会阻碍部分这些变异的临床分类。DNA 甲基化(DNAm)谱分析已成功用作分类与几种神经发育障碍相关的基因中的变异的工具,包括 KS。在这项工作中,我们在一组 13 名具有 KMT2D VUS 和临床特征的个体中应用了 KS 特异性 DNAm 特征,这些个体的临床特征提示或重叠 KS。我们成功地正确分类了所有测试的个体,为三名受试者确认了诊断,并拒绝了 10 个 VUS 在 KS 背景下的致病性作用。在后一组中,外显子组测序允许在三名受试者中确定该疾病的遗传原因。通过测试五个具有合子后致病性 KMT2D 变异的个体,我们还提供了证据表明 DNAm 谱分析具有识别不同程度嵌合体中致病性变异的能力,确定 15%是 DNAm 谱分析可作为 KS 嵌合体的信息性诊断工具应用的最低阈值。
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