Ajeeb Tamara T, Gonzalez Emmanuel, Solomons Noel W, Vossenaar Marieke, Koski Kristine G
School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
Front Nutr. 2024 Mar 11;11:1341777. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1341777. eCollection 2024.
Ingestion of human milk (HM) is identified as a significant factor associated with early infant gut microbial colonization, which has been associated with infant health and development. Maternal diet has been associated with the HM microbiome (HMM). However, a few studies have explored the associations among maternal diet, HMM, and infant growth during the first 6 months of lactation.
For this cross-sectional study, -Mayan mother-infant dyads ( = 64) were recruited from 8 rural communities in the Western Highlands of Guatemala at two stages of lactation: early (6-46 days postpartum, = 29) or late (109-184 days postpartum, = 35). Recruited mothers had vaginally delivered singleton births, had no subclinical mastitis or antibiotic treatments, and breastfed their infants. Data collected at both stages of lactation included two 24-h recalls, milk samples, and infant growth status indicators: head-circumference-for-age-z-score (HCAZ), length-for-age-z-score (LAZ), and weight-for-age-z-score (WAZ). Infants were divided into subgroups: normal weight (WAZ ≥ -1SD) and mildly underweight (WAZ < -1SD), non-stunted (LAZ ≥ -1.5SD) and mildly stunted (LAZ < -1.5SD), and normal head-circumference (HCAZ ≥ -1SD) and smaller head-circumference (HCAZ < -1SD). HMM was identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing; amplicon analysis was performed with the high-resolution ANCHOR pipeline, and DESeq2 identified the differentially abundant (DA) HMM at the species-level between infant growth groups (FDR < 0.05) in both early and late lactation.
Using both cluster and univariate analyses, we identified (a) positive correlations between infant growth clusters and maternal dietary clusters, (b) both positive and negative associations among maternal macronutrient and micronutrient intakes with the HMM at the species level and (c) distinct correlations between HMM DA taxa with maternal nutrient intakes and infant z-scores that differed between breast-fed infants experiencing growth faltering and normal growth in early and late lactation.
Collectively, these findings provide important evidence of the potential influence of maternal diet on the early-life growth of breastfed infants via modulation of the HMM.
摄入母乳被认为是与婴儿早期肠道微生物定植相关的一个重要因素，而这又与婴儿的健康和发育有关。母亲的饮食与母乳微生物群（HMM）有关。然而，很少有研究探讨母亲饮食、HMM和哺乳期前6个月婴儿生长之间的关联。
在这项横断面研究中，从危地马拉西部高地的8个农村社区招募了玛雅母婴二元组（n = 64），处于哺乳期的两个阶段：早期（产后6 - 46天，n = 29）或晚期（产后109 - 184天，n = 35）。招募的母亲为经阴道分娩的单胎，无亚临床乳腺炎或抗生素治疗史，并对婴儿进行母乳喂养。在哺乳期的两个阶段收集的数据包括两次24小时饮食回顾、母乳样本以及婴儿生长状况指标：年龄别头围z评分（HCAZ）、年龄别身长z评分（LAZ）和年龄别体重z评分（WAZ）。婴儿被分为亚组：正常体重（WAZ≥ -1SD）和轻度体重不足（WAZ < -1SD）、非发育迟缓（LAZ≥ -1.5SD）和轻度发育迟缓（LAZ < -1.5SD）、头围正常（HCAZ≥ -1SD）和头围较小（HCAZ < -1SD）。使用16S rRNA基因测序鉴定HMM；采用高分辨率ANCHOR流程进行扩增子分析，DESeq2鉴定了早期和晚期哺乳期婴儿生长组之间物种水平上差异丰富（DA）的HMM（FDR < 0.05）。
通过聚类分析和单变量分析，我们发现：（a）婴儿生长聚类与母亲饮食聚类之间存在正相关；（b）母亲的常量营养素和微量营养素摄入量与物种水平的HMM之间存在正相关和负相关；（c）HMM的DA分类群与母亲营养摄入量和婴儿z评分之间存在不同的相关性，这些相关性在早期和晚期哺乳期生长发育迟缓的母乳喂养婴儿和正常生长的婴儿之间有所不同。
总体而言，这些发现提供了重要证据，证明母亲饮食通过调节HMM对母乳喂养婴儿的早期生长具有潜在影响。
