Department of Occupational & Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024 Mar 13;21(3):337. doi: 10.3390/ijerph21030337.
Lead is known to impair neurocognitive development in children. Drinking water is routinely monitored for lead content in municipal systems, but private well owners are not required to test for lead. The lack of testing poses a risk of lead exposure and resulting health effects to rural children. In three Illinois counties, we conducted a cross-sectional study (n = 151 homes) examining water lead levels (WLLs), water consumption, and water treatment status to assess risk of lead exposure among residents using private water wells. Since blood lead levels (BLLs) were not available, EPA's Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic (IEUBK) modeling was used to estimate the incremental contribution of WLL to BLL, holding all other sources of lead at their default values. Nearly half (48.3%) of stagnant water samples contained measurable lead ranging from 0.79 to 76.2 µg/L (median= 0.537 µg/L). IEUBK modeling showed BLLs rose from 0.3 to 0.4 µg/dL when WLLs rose from 0.54 µg/L (the tenth percentile) to 4.88 µg/L (the 90th percentile). Based on IEUBK modeling, 18% of children with a WLL at the 10th percentile would have a BLL above 3.5 µg/dL compared to 27.4% of those with a WLL at the 90th percentile. These findings suggest that the consumption of unfiltered well water likely results in increased blood lead levels in children.
铅已知会损害儿童的神经认知发育。市政系统会定期监测饮用水中的铅含量，但私人水井所有者无需进行铅检测。这种缺乏检测的情况会使农村儿童面临铅暴露的风险和由此产生的健康影响。在伊利诺伊州的三个县，我们进行了一项横断面研究（n=151 户），研究了水铅水平（WLL）、水消耗和水处 理状况，以评估使用私人水井的居民铅暴露的风险。由于无法获得血铅水平（BLL），因此使用 EPA 的综合暴露摄入生物动力学（IEUBK）模型来估算 WLL 对 BLL 的增量贡献，同时将所有其他来源的铅保持在默认值。近一半（48.3%）的静止水样含有可测量的铅，范围从 0.79 到 76.2 µg/L（中位数=0.537 µg/L）。IEUBK 模型显示，当 WLL 从 0.54 µg/L（第十个百分位数）上升到 4.88 µg/L（第九十个百分位数）时，BLL 从 0.3 上升到 0.4 µg/dL。根据 IEUBK 模型，与 WLL 处于第 90 个百分位数的儿童相比，WLL 处于第 10 个百分位数的 18%的儿童的 BLL 可能会超过 3.5 µg/dL，而 WLL 处于第 90 个百分位数的儿童中则有 27.4%。这些发现表明，饮用未经过滤的井水可能会导致儿童血铅水平升高。
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