Humanized mouse models for anti-cancer therapy.

Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are the golden standard for preclinical oncology as they can recapitulate the genotypic and phenotypic complexity of human tumors, thus enabling the development of effective therapeutic strategies. PDX models are typically established in immunocompromised animals that allow efficient growth of the xenografted tumor. Given the recent success of immune therapies in different tumors however, the establishment of humanized PDX models is critical to evaluate immune oncology drugs and/or combinations thereof. Here, we describe the detailed methods to obtain humanized PDX models for anti-cancer therapy testing.