Anusavice K J, Ringle R D, Fairhurst C W
J Prosthet Dent. 1979 Oct;42(4):417-21. doi: 10.1016/0022-3913(79)90143-4.
The ESCA technique provides a useful approach to identifying probable sites of fracture initiation in ceramic-fused-to-metal systems in which the analyzed fracture area is 1 mm2 or larger. The primary disadvantages of this technique include high equipment cost, the need for meticulous removal of superficial oxide layers formed at room temperature, and susceptibility to surface contamination by carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. From this study the following may be concluded: 1. Judgment of the composition of any fracture surface (except that which occurs exclusively in porcelain) by naked-eye examination or optical microscopic inspection may be erroneous. 2. Generalizations on the nature of adherence zone failures for nonprecious allow-ceramic systems should not be made in the absence of fracture surface or adherence zone composition data determined by means of an acceptable analytical technique. 3. It appears unlikely that fractures originating in one of the regions of the adherence zone will have a composition analysis identical to that of metal, metal oxide, or bonding agent standards, since considerable interdiffusion or chemical interaction between these regions will have altered the original chemical compositions.
电子能谱化学分析（ESCA）技术为识别陶瓷熔附金属系统中可能的断裂起始部位提供了一种有用的方法，该系统中被分析的断裂面积为1平方毫米或更大。该技术的主要缺点包括设备成本高、需要仔细去除室温下形成的表面氧化层，以及易受碳、氮和氧的表面污染。从这项研究中可以得出以下结论：1. 通过肉眼检查或光学显微镜检查来判断任何断裂表面（除了仅发生在瓷体中的断裂表面）的成分可能是错误的。2. 在没有通过可接受的分析技术确定的断裂表面或附着区成分数据的情况下，不应就非贵金属合金 - 陶瓷系统的附着区失效性质进行概括。3. 起源于附着区某一区域的断裂的成分分析似乎不太可能与金属、金属氧化物或粘结剂标准的成分分析相同，因为这些区域之间的大量相互扩散或化学相互作用会改变原始化学成分。
