beliefs, understanding and access to vasectomy services in Timor-Leste.

Vasectomy is a safe, highly effective and affordable method of permanent contraception, and one of the few currently available contraceptive methods for men. Despite this, vasectomy uptake remains overall low, making up just 2% of the global contraceptive method mix. To better understand access to vasectomy in a country with negligible uptake, we conducted participatory and operational research in the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (Timor-Leste). We held 14 participatory group discussions with 175 community participants (84 men, 91 women; aged 18-72) across seven municipalities (Ainaro, Baucau, Bobonaro, Dili, Lautem, Manufahi, and Oecusse), and individual in-depth interviews with 24 healthcare providers (16 women, 8 men; aged 25-56 years). Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Community awareness and understanding about vasectomy were limited, with concerns expressed about physical and social side effects. Healthcare providers had limited experience and knowledge about vasectomy, and about male sexual and reproductive health more generally. However, our findings also indicate a small but existing demand for vasectomy services that could be grown and better met through health systems strengthening initiatives. Insights from our research have informed programmatic decision-making in Timor-Leste and can be further used to inform national health policy and practice.