Role of silicate-rich and silicate-less industrial solid wastes in the physicomechanical properties and durability of low quality metakaolin-blended cement.

Although calcined clay-blended cement offers higher performance and durability compared to neat Portland cement (PC), its extensive use of natural clay leads to the depletion of natural non-renewable resources. To address this concern, this study focuses on the utilization of supplementary cementitious materials-based waste products as a substitute for PC. The blended cement was optimized with a low replacement level of 10 wt.% calcined Fanja clay (FNJ) as a low-grade metakaolin (MK) and 90 wt.% PC. Various types of industrial solid wastes (ISWs) were incorporated into the PC-FNJ blend in place of PC. The ISWs utilized included silicate-rich wastes, such as silica fume (SF) and glass waste (GW) powder, as well as silicate-less waste, such as marble dust (MD). The results revealed that incorporating 10 wt.% SF into the PC-FNJ mixture resulted in a considerable decrease in the flow rate while improving its early mechanical strength. GW, as another silicate waste, also enhanced early mechanical properties but not as much as SF. However, the composite of PC-FNJ-GW exhibited higher workability than the neat PC, PC-FNJ, and PC-FNJ-SF. The mixtures of PC-FNJ-MD demonstrated the same trend. Embedding SF into PC-FNJ-GW and PC-FNJ-MD substantially decreased both their flowability and mechanical properties. Nonetheless, all composites containing ISWs showed higher flexural strength, higher resistivity to chloride diffusivity, and higher or comparable acid and salt resistivity.