Institute of Law and Economics, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland.
Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol. 2024;73(3):257-271. doi: 10.4467/16891716AMSIK.23.013.18688.
The study presents the results of research aimed at isolating the graphic features most frequently and least frequently modified by people committing autoforgery (self-forgery) of signatures in situations where the appearance of their natural signatures is not known to the recipient. The research covered a total of over 12,000 signatures from 200 individuals. The most successful attempts at autoforgery of legible and illegible signatures of each test subject were selected for the final evaluation. It was found that autoforgery changes are most often focused on the most striking features of the signatures, such as the structure of letters in the initial part of the signature, size, readability, impulse, and slope. Secondary features, more difficult to notice or those whose existence the writers are not aware of (such as the presence or absence of additions, the arrangement of letters in relation to each other, the shape and direction of signature lines, the format of legible signatures) are usually omitted in autoforgery activities. Detecting autoforgery can be a big challenge for experts, because in practice, any significant differences between the questioned signature and comparative signatures are often mistakenly considered to be the result of forgery. Therefore, in order to detect autoforgery, it is necessary to analyze the structure of easily noticeable features that most influence the so-called pictorial effect of the signature in combination with the unattractive features that remain unchanged in most cases of autoforgery. The more characteristic the latter are, the more their consistency in the questioned and comparative material proves self-forgery, regardless of the differences in the primary features. In the case of a forged signature, the opposite is true: the most easily noticeable features of the signature are imitated by the forger, and the differences occur mainly in secondary features.
该研究呈现了旨在分离在收件人不知道其自然签名外观的情况下，人们伪造（自伪造）签名时最常和最不常修改的图形特征的研究结果。研究共涵盖了来自 200 个人的超过 12000 个签名。选择每个测试对象最成功的可辨认和不可辨认签名的伪造尝试进行最终评估。研究发现，伪造更改通常集中在签名的最显著特征上，例如签名起始部分的字母结构、大小、可读性、冲击力和斜率。次要特征，更难以注意到，或者书写者没有意识到其存在（例如有无添加、字母之间的排列、签名线的形状和方向、可辨认签名的格式），在伪造活动中通常会被忽略。检测伪造签名对专家来说可能是一个巨大的挑战，因为在实践中，质疑签名与比较签名之间的任何显著差异通常都被错误地认为是伪造的结果。因此，为了检测伪造签名，有必要结合在大多数自伪造情况下保持不变的不吸引人的特征，分析最能影响签名所谓的图像效果的易于察觉的特征的结构。这些特征越具有特征性，它们在询问和比较材料中的一致性就越能证明自伪造，无论主要特征存在差异。在伪造签名的情况下则相反：签名的最容易察觉的特征被伪造者模仿，差异主要出现在次要特征上。
