Ravindran Rekha, Swaminathan Sumathi, Webb Patrick, Kurpad Anura V, Thomas Tinku
Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India.
Department of Liberal Arts, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Bhilai, India.
Curr Dev Nutr. 2024 Feb 24;8(4):102122. doi: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102122. eCollection 2024 Apr.
Milk is an important source of protein for many Indian households. However, milk intake is very low. Hence, it is necessary to examine production-consumption linkages of milk within the paradigm of accessibility, availability, and affordability.
This study examined linkages between milk consumption and production, accounting for sales and factors associated with production investments in rural Bihar, a major milk-producing state of India with very poor nutritional status.
A panel of households from the Gaya and Nalanda districts of Bihar were surveyed: the first round in July and August 2019 ( = 2026 households) and the second round from December 2019 to January 2020 ( = 2001 households). Data were collected on household consumption, production, and sale of milk, as well as other foods. The study examines the consumption-production linkage of milk and the association of dietary diversity with consumption from own production, with households as the unit of analysis. Ordinary least square regression analysis of average monthly household milk consumption was used to identify factors associated with milk consumption, particularly milk production.
The median (Quartile 1, Quartile 3) per capita milk consumption per day was 83.3 (41.6, 166.6) mL in the milk-consuming households. Average monthly household milk consumption in liters was higher in milk-producing households [β: 7.1; 95% confidence interval (CI): 6.1, 8.1] than households relying on market purchases. Household milk consumption was higher in the third tertile of milk production than the first tertile of production (β: 14.3 L/wk; 95% CI: 12.1, 17.2) and lower in the highest tertile of household sale quantity (β: -8.8 L/wk in tertile 3, 95% CI: -12.7, -5) than the first tertile of household sale quantity of milk.
The study provides evidence that consumption of milk in rural households is associated with own production such that households with higher production consume more. However, sale preferences restrict the quantity of milk consumed in milk-producing households.
牛奶是许多印度家庭重要的蛋白质来源。然而，牛奶摄入量非常低。因此，有必要在可及性、可得性和可负担性的范式内审视牛奶的生产与消费联系。
本研究考察了牛奶消费与生产之间的联系，同时考虑了印度营养状况极差的主要牛奶生产邦比哈尔邦农村地区的销售情况以及与生产投资相关的因素。
对比哈尔邦加亚和那烂陀地区的一组家庭进行了调查：第一轮调查于2019年7月和8月进行（n = 2026户家庭），第二轮调查于2019年12月至2020年1月进行（n = 2001户家庭）。收集了家庭牛奶消费、生产和销售以及其他食物的数据。本研究以家庭为分析单位，考察了牛奶的消费 - 生产联系以及饮食多样性与自产消费之间的关联。采用普通最小二乘法回归分析家庭每月牛奶平均消费量，以确定与牛奶消费，尤其是牛奶生产相关的因素。
在有牛奶消费的家庭中，人均每日牛奶消费量的中位数（四分位数1，四分位数3）为83.3（41.6，166.6）毫升。牛奶生产家庭的家庭每月牛奶平均消费量（升）高于依赖市场购买的家庭[β：7.1；95%置信区间（CI）：6.1，8.1]。牛奶产量处于第三分位数的家庭的牛奶消费量高于产量处于第一分位数的家庭（β：14.3升/周；95%CI：12.1，17.2），而家庭牛奶销售量处于最高分位数的家庭的牛奶消费量低于销售量处于第一分位数的家庭（第三分位数中β： - 8.8升/周，95%CI： - 12.7， - 5）。
该研究提供的证据表明，农村家庭的牛奶消费与自产相关，即产量较高的家庭消费更多。然而，销售偏好限制了牛奶生产家庭的牛奶消费量。
