Yeshua Maor, Berger Andrea
Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
J Intell. 2024 Apr 1;12(4):41. doi: 10.3390/jintelligence12040041.
This study aimed to investigate two specific behavioral manifestations of the executive attention systems in preschoolers and kindergarteners, beyond the unique contribution of intelligence. We tested post-error slowing [RT¯Post-error trial-RT¯Not post-error trial] as a marker of reactive control and delayed disinhibition as a novel marker for proactive control. One hundred and eighty preschool- and kindergarten-aged children, as well as their mothers (final sample: 155 children and 174 mothers), performed an adapted task based on Go/NoGo and Stroop-like paradigms-the emotional day-night task. The children showed reliable post-error slowing and delayed disinhibition (mean size effects of 238.18 ms and 58.31 ms, respectively), while the adult size effects were 40-50% smaller. The post-error slowing effect was present for both sexes in all the tested ages, while the delayed disinhibition effect was present only for girls. Both effects showed large individual differences that became smaller in adulthood. Our findings emphasize the earlier maturation of reactive control compared to proactive control, and the earlier maturation of proactive cognitive control in girls compared to boys.
本研究旨在调查学龄前儿童和幼儿园儿童执行性注意系统的两种特定行为表现，而不考虑智力的独特影响。我们测试了错误后反应减慢[错误后试次的平均反应时-非错误后试次的平均反应时]作为反应性控制的指标，并将延迟去抑制作为前瞻性控制的一个新指标。180名学龄前和幼儿园儿童及其母亲（最终样本：155名儿童和174名母亲）进行了一项基于Go/NoGo和类似Stroop范式的适应性任务——情绪昼夜任务。儿童表现出可靠的错误后反应减慢和延迟去抑制（平均效应量分别为238.18毫秒和58.31毫秒），而成人的效应量则小40%-50%。在所有测试年龄中，错误后反应减慢效应在男女中均存在，而延迟去抑制效应仅在女孩中存在。两种效应都表现出较大的个体差异，且在成年期差异变小。我们的研究结果强调，与前瞻性控制相比，反应性控制成熟得更早，并且与男孩相比，女孩的前瞻性认知控制成熟得更早。
