Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
Toxicol Lett. 2024 May 15;396:70-80. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.04.006. Epub 2024 Apr 25.
Ocular tissue, especially the cornea, is overly sensitive to chemical exposures. The availability and adoption of chemical threat agent chloropicrin (CP) is growing in the United States as a pesticide and fumigant; thereby increasing the risk of its use in warfare, terrorist attacks and non-intentional exposure. Exposure to CP results in immediate ocular, respiratory, and dermal injury; however, we lack knowledge on its mechanism of toxicity as well as of its breakdown products like chlorine and phosgene, and effective therapies are elusive. Herein, we have reviewed the recent findings on exposure route, toxicity and likely mechanisms of CP induced ocular toxicity based on other vesicating chemical warfare agents that cause ocular injury. We have focused on the implication of their toxicity and mechanistic outcomes in the ocular tissue, especially the cornea, which could be useful in the development of broad-spectrum effective therapeutic options. We have discussed on the potential countermeasures, overall hallmarks and challenges involved in studying ocular injuries from chemical threat agent exposures. Finally, we reviewed useful available technologies and methods that can assist in the identification of effective medical countermeasures for chemical threat agents related ocular injuries.
眼部组织，尤其是角膜，对化学物质暴露过度敏感。在美国，化学威胁剂氯化苦（CP）作为一种杀虫剂和熏蒸剂的供应和采用正在增加；从而增加了在战争、恐怖袭击和非故意暴露中使用的风险。CP 的暴露会导致立即的眼部、呼吸和皮肤损伤；然而，我们缺乏对其毒性机制以及其分解产物如氯气和光气的了解，有效的治疗方法也难以捉摸。在此，我们根据其他引起眼部损伤的糜烂性化学战剂，综述了 CP 引起眼部毒性的暴露途径、毒性和可能机制的最新发现。我们重点关注了它们在眼部组织（尤其是角膜）中的毒性和机制后果，这可能有助于开发广谱有效的治疗选择。我们讨论了研究化学威胁剂暴露引起的眼部损伤的潜在对策、总体特征和挑战。最后，我们回顾了有用的现有技术和方法，这些技术和方法可以帮助识别与化学威胁剂相关的眼部损伤的有效医疗对策。
