Abdelaal Ahmed, Elkatatny Salaheldin, Abdel Fattah Ahmed Mohsen
College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Architecture, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
Sci Rep. 2024 Apr 27;14(1):9707. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-60587-5.
Portland cement (PC) is known for its environmental and technical concerns and massive energy consumption during manufacturing. Geopolymer cement is a promising technology to totally replace the use of PC in the oil and gas industry. Although geopolymers are widely used in the construction industry, it is yet to see a full-scale application in the petroleum industry. High-density geopolymer cement development is essential to substitute heavy-weight Portland cement slurries for high pressure well cementing applications. Sedimentation issue is associated with high-density cement slurries which use high specific gravity solids such as weighting materials. This problem causes heterogeneity and density variation along the cemented sections. The main target of this work is to evaluate the use of perlite powder to address the sedimentation issue in the heavy weight geopolymer systems. Hematite-based Class F fly ash (FFA) geopolymer cement slurries with perlite concentrations of 0, 1.5, and 3% by weight of binder (BWOB) were prepared. The sedimentation problem was investigated using three techniques: API method, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and computed tomography (CT) scan. The perlite effects on different geopolymer properties such as unconfined compressive strength (UCS), porosity, elastic and rheological properties were assessed. The results proved that perlite incorporation in high-density hematite-based FFA geopolymer significantly reduced sedimentation issue by increasing yield point and gel strength. NMR and CT scan showed that perlite decreases porosity and density variation across the geopolymer samples. The UCS increased with increasing perlite percentage from 0 to 3%. The measured Young's moduli (YM) and Poisson's ratios (PR) showed that the developed perlite based geopolymer systems are considered more flexible than Class G cement systems. It was found that the optimum perlite concentration is 3% BWOB for tackling sedimentation and developing a slurry with acceptable mixability and rheological properties.
波特兰水泥（PC）因其在制造过程中存在环境和技术问题以及大量能源消耗而闻名。地质聚合物水泥是一种有前景的技术，有望在石油和天然气行业完全取代波特兰水泥的使用。尽管地质聚合物在建筑行业中广泛应用，但在石油工业中尚未得到全面应用。开发高密度地质聚合物水泥对于替代用于高压井固井应用的重质波特兰水泥浆至关重要。沉降问题与使用高比重固体（如加重材料）的高密度水泥浆有关。这个问题会导致固井段出现不均匀性和密度变化。这项工作的主要目标是评估使用珍珠岩粉来解决重质地质聚合物体系中的沉降问题。制备了基于赤铁矿的F类粉煤灰（FFA）地质聚合物水泥浆，其中珍珠岩浓度分别为占粘结剂重量（BWOB）的0%、1.5%和3%。使用三种技术研究沉降问题：美国石油学会（API）方法、核磁共振（NMR）和计算机断层扫描（CT）。评估了珍珠岩对不同地质聚合物性能的影响，如无侧限抗压强度（UCS）、孔隙率、弹性和流变性能。结果证明，在高密度基于赤铁矿的FFA地质聚合物中加入珍珠岩，通过提高屈服点和凝胶强度，显著减少了沉降问题。NMR和CT扫描表明，珍珠岩降低了地质聚合物样品的孔隙率和密度变化。UCS随着珍珠岩百分比从0%增加到3%而增加。测得的杨氏模量（YM）和泊松比（PR）表明，所开发的基于珍珠岩的地质聚合物体系比G类水泥体系更具柔韧性。结果发现，解决沉降问题并开发出具有可接受的可混性和流变性能的水泥浆的最佳珍珠岩浓度为3% BWOB。
